A Comparative Study between Evergreen and Deciduous Daylily Species Reveals the Potential Contributions of Winter Shoot
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A Comparative Study between Evergreen and Deciduous Daylily Species Reveals the Potential Contributions of Winter Shoot Growth and Leaf Freezing Tolerance to Foliar Habits Danqing Li1 · Yiping Xia1 · Jianhua Lou2 · Dong Zhang1 · Xiaobin Wang1 · Jiaping Zhang1 Received: 14 February 2019 / Accepted: 25 September 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Evergreen ornamental plants can supply year-round aesthetic value and strong ecological benefits in comparison to deciduous species. However, less attention has been paid to the cause of foliar habits, especially in herbaceous perennials. A comparative study on evergreen and deciduous species with close relationships could help to uncover the factors that determine foliar habits when sibling mutants are absent. Three independent experiments were conducted in the present study. Experiment 1 was focused on the changes in the percentage of green leaves (PGL) between evergreen daylilies (Hemerocallis aurantiaca Baker) and the deciduous species (Hemerocallis fulva L.). The results showed that their foliar habits were consistent with those of previous reports but could be influenced dramatically by the air temperature. The leaf freezing tolerance (LFT) and relevant morphological, physiological and biochemical variations in leaf tissues in addition to the shoot growth status were determined during Experiments 2 and 3 when comparing natural cold acclimation to de-acclimation. Correlation analyses between the PGL and other indices indicated that the winter shoot growth probably maintained the green leaves of the evergreen daylilies, while a strong LFT might facilitate the defoliation of deciduous species. Furthermore, the dormant deciduous daylily is more freezing-tolerant than the ever-growing evergreen species. This study also possesses practical value for plants with variant green periods in landscaping. Keywords Evergreen daylily · Digital image analysis · Natural cold acclimation · Winter shoot growth · Leaf freezing tolerance · Superoxide dismutase Abbreviations DIA Digital image analysis EL Electrolyte leakage GDD Growing degree days HSB Hue, saturation and brightness LFT Leaf freezing tolerance LT Low temperature LT50 Lethal temperature causing 50% injury LW Leaf width MDA Malondialdehyde NFL Number of the functional leaves
PGL Percentage of green leaves RCC Relative chlorophyll content REC Relative electrolyte conductivity ROS Reactive oxygen species SD Short-day SER Shoot elongation rate SOD Superoxide dismutase SP Soluble protein TSS Total soluble sugar WC Water content
Introduction * Jiaping Zhang [email protected] 1
Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People’s Republic of China
Hangzhou Botanical Garden, Hangzhou 310013, People’s Republic of China
2
Being evergreen is an excellent and desirable trait for ornamental plants used in urban and suburban landscaping or gardens, and evergreens provide year
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