A Comparative Study of Fluid Flow and Mass Transfer in a Trumpet-Shaped Ladle Shroud Using Large Eddy Simulation
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tundish is basically regarded as an intermediate reservoir to receive molten steel from a ladle and deliver it into a mold (s) in continuous casting. Metallurgists have been trying to optimize the tundish operation and make the best use of this vessel to explore as many as functions as possible, such as inclusion removing, alloying, and temperature adjustment. Fluid flow is of great significance to determine the tundish performance and has drawn particular attentions in the past decades.[1] A variety of flow control devices (FCDs), for instance, weir, dam, and turbulent inhibitor,[2–5] have received a lot of past studies and been applied to control the fluid dynamics in steelmaking process. It is a JIANGSHAN ZHANG, Ph.D. Student, is with the School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China, also with the School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. JINGSHE LI, Professor, and SHUFENG YANG, Associate Professor, are with the School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing. YI YAN, Ph.D. Student, ZHIXIN CHEN, Senior Lecturer, JINGWEI ZHAO, Research Fellow, and ZHENGYI JIANG, Professor, are with the School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong. Contact e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] Manuscript submitted on June 9, 2015. Article published online November 9, 2015. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
new concept to employ and design a ladle shroud as a FCD to improve the flow pattern of a tundish.[6] A conventional ladle shroud (CLS) is typically a straight bore nozzle made of refractory materials, serving as a flow channel between a ladle and a tundish to protect the liquid steel, while the CLS was reported to be suffering with several defects,[7–9] namely air pick-up, nozzle clogging, and slag-eye around the ladle shroud, which need to be minimized or avoided. Apart from the newly emerged swirling ladle shroud (SLS),[10] dissipative ladle shroud (DLS),[6,11] and inert gas injection,[12] trumpet-shaped ladle shroud (TLS also known as bell-shaped ladle shroud)[8,13,14] is one of the designs that is widely applied in steelmaking plants. The TLS is characterized with a trumpet tip with gradually enlarged diameter which changes the flow patterns both inside the ladle shroud and the tundish. Schematic drawings of the TLS and the CLS are shown in Figure 1(a). The documented advantages of the TLS over the CLS are summarized in Table I. This trumpet-shaped ladle shroud was mainly suggested for its merits in two aspects: production efficiency and molten steel quality. The TLS was demonstrated to be able to decrease the rate of nozzle clogging,[8,13,15] accommodate for hot gas pockets, and eliminate flow backs during a submerged ladle change or first tundish filling operation.[15,16] These effectively reduce the frequency of operation disruptions and enhance the production efficiency.
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