Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow in a Gas-Stirred Ladle Using a Particle-Free Surface Coupled Model
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mber of operating and design variables on the fluid flow and mixing time in the ladle. Liu et al.[5] applied the DPM-VOF model to predict the bubble trajectories and interfacial behavior of slag/metal in a gas-stirred ladle. Li et al.[6–8] added the large eddy simulation model to the DPM-VOF model for investigating the effects of multiscale eddies on fluid flow and studying the unsteady state of the open-eye. Significantly, the limitations of the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach are pretty well known today. First, the application of this approach assumes that the particle volume is strictly limited to 10 to 12 pct and the impact among particles is ignored.[9] Second, the discrete phase does not occupy any space continuous volume; thus, the effect of the volume fraction of the discrete phase on the continuous phase is ignored. To address this problem, Sheng and Irons[10] introduced a method of calculating the time-averaged bubble volume fraction using the statistics of the number and residence time of bubbles in the given cells: ag ¼
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-01824-w The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2020
Gas-stirred ladles play an essential role in performing various metallurgical operations during the secondary refining process. The injected gas through the ladle bottom helps to promote stirring of melt and promotes chemical reactions, enhances inclusion removal, and helps to homogenize the temperature and chemistry of the liquid steel. The most intensive heat and mass transfer occur in the bubbly plume region, and hence, it is of paramount importance to have a deep understanding of the fluid flow behavior in this region.[1–3] Currently, numerical simulation is considered as an effective tool to investigate this topic; there are limitations in performing trials at high temperature and visualization at high temperature is almost impossible. Based on the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach, the discrete phase model (DPM) and volume of fluid (VOF) coupled model has become the preferred method to model the gas-stirred ladle system. Cloete et al.[4] used the DPM-VOF model for investigating the influence of a
BOHONG ZHU and BO ZHANG are with the College of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] KINNOR CHATTOPADHYAY is with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada. Manuscript submitted October 25, 2019.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
N 1 X Vbub;n dtn ; TVcell n¼1
½1
where Vcell is the grid cell volume; N is the number of bubble particles released from the gas inlet; and Vbub;n and dtn are the volume and residence time of the nth bubble in the control cell volume, respectively. However, Low and Zhu[11] reported that the result predicted by the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach has a large error under a higher gas flow rate, the time-averaged gas volume fraction is still affected by cell size and the released particle number, and the particle st
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