A comparative study of two-step and three-step methods for coating organometallic lead halide perovskite thin films
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A comparative study of two-step and three-step methods for coating organometallic lead halide perovskite thin films Sagar A. More1, Rajendra Halor1, Shaikh Raees1, and Sanjay S. Ghosh1,*
1
Optoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, 425001 Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India
Received: 9 April 2020
ABSTRACT
Accepted: 26 August 2020
Two-step sequential spin coating deposition technique provides a cost-effective and high performance route for the synthesis of the organometallic lead halide perovskite materials. In this method, initially the metal halide film is coated, over which the MAI with a particular concentration is again spin-coated. However, it is difficult to obtain complete conversion of PbI2 in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. In this work, we show that good quality perovskite films can be coated by a three-step method to obtain improved conversion to perovskite and with improved materials properties. We have coated the perovskite films by two-step as well as three-step methods and presented a comparison of obtained film properties. Our results show that at lower concentration of MAI, complete conversion of PbI2 does not take place. With increase in MAI concentration, in addition to the perovskite phase an intercalated MAI into PbI2 phase is formed. In three-step coating, good phase of perovskite and improved morphology is obtained at comparatively lower MAI concentration. At higher concentrations of MAI in three-step method, leads to removal of already existing perovskite material and therefore leads to lower absorption.
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Springer Science+Business
Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
1 Introduction Due to ever increasing population, there is a tremendous hike in global energy demands. This has resulted in enhanced global energy dependence on fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum. However, fossil fuels are not the permanent energy solution, and also it produces harmful effect on our
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04351-1
environment due to toxic emissions [1–3]. Therefore, the scientific community is looking towards a suitable renewable energy source as a solution to future global energy needs. Among the renewable energy sources photovoltaic devices are one of the most promising alternatives. Due to high cost and energy intensive processes involved, well studied silicon technology is not being used widely [4]. Organic-
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron
inorganic metal halide perovskite materials are the front runners in the search for low cost, solution processable and efficient photovoltaic devices. This comparatively new class of materials possesses excellent electrical and optical properties [5]. These are solution processable, flexible in terms of composition and can be deposited on the flexible substrates [6]. They combine the best properties of both inorganic as well as of organic materials [7]. Starting with 3.8% power conversion efficiency (PCE) in 2008, the perovskite solar cel
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