A Comprehensive Review on Effects of Seawater on Engineering Properties of Concrete
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REVIEW PAPER
A Comprehensive Review on Effects of Seawater on Engineering Properties of Concrete Sajjad Ali Mangi 1 & Ashwani Makhija 1 & Muhammad Saleem Raza 2 & Shabir Hussain Khahro 3 & Ashfaque Ahmed Jhatial 1 Received: 24 July 2020 / Accepted: 18 September 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The concrete and natural seawater have a complex relationship between them, which requires special attention. Therefore, various studies have been conducted to consider the effects of natural seawater on the properties of concrete. However, this study aimed to summarize and analyze the previous findings and recommendations. It was noticed that the natural seawater has both positive and negative implications on concrete. Thus, resistance of concrete against the seawater can be improved by adding supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) like copper slag, coal bottom ash, fly ash and others with appropriate proportions. Moreover, the problem of corrosion of reinforcement due to seawater influence, can be avoided using corrosion inhibitor and/or corrosion resistant reinforcement. It was also noticed that the addition of SCM could increase the performances of concrete like strength and durability of concrete exposed to the marine environment. This paper provides a deep insight about experimental information and future direction for the concrete exposed to the marine environment. Keywords Seawater . Concrete . Compressive Strength . Durability
1 Introduction Concrete has been trusted as a mandatory construction material for decades [1]. It has put such a convincing impact that, today, no structure can be assembled without its use [2]. This is all because of its properties like moldability, durability, strength, economy and light in weight nature [3]. It has been predicted that the annual demand of concrete for construction will expand up to 18 billion tons by the year 2050 [4]. The scope and functionality of concrete are also as vast, so that it is being used to construct marine onshore/offshore structures. The connection between seawater and concrete corresponds to The Romans as
* Sajjad Ali Mangi [email protected] 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, SZAB Campus, Khairpur Mirs, Sindh 66020, Pakistan
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh 76062, Pakistan
3
College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
they constructed the first concrete structure on the Mediterranean Sea coast [5]. Furthermore, owing to the huge economic development throughout the world in the previous century, its use has expanded vastly. Today, every structure is exposed to seawater directly or indirectly. Therefore, for several reasons, it is necessary to examine the effects of seawater on the properties of concrete [6]. However, seawater is a complex mixture of compounds, particularly salts, being harsh on/for structures. The presence of salts in different proportions in marine water can undermine the
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