A Continuum Deformation Model for Steel Coated with Nanolaminate Metallic Systems
- PDF / 3,382,619 Bytes
- 17 Pages / 593.972 x 792 pts Page_size
- 88 Downloads / 167 Views
PIPELINES are the safest and the most efficient and economical way to transport natural gas and crude oil,[1–3] and high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel have been the most suitable metal to be used for transporting crude oil and natural gas for several decades[4] because it possesses high strength and toughness that handles high operational pressure.[5] There are two primary types of pipelines based on their manufacturing process: seamless and welded. However, transportation steel pipelines have several grades based on their yield strength according to American Petroleum Institute (API) specifications.[6] According to Sharma et al., X42 was the first grade introduced,[4] but now there is X120, which is the highest grade.[7] Meanwhile, X70 grade, an example of API grade steel, is widely used for crude oil transmission pipelines.[8] The number after the X symbol denotes the minimum yield strength measured in kilo pound per square inch (ksi). The properties of different grades are controlled by their chemical composition and fabrication conditions. X70 pipelines steel is widely used in the oil industry, but it is still being investigated to improve its mechanical and anti-corrosion properties. Steel still can be easily attacked by environmental degradation factors such as corrosion. Consequently,
MOHAMMED H. ANAZI and HUSSEIN M. ZBIB are with the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted April 10, 2018. Article published online October 8, 2018 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
coating is an essential protection element in pipelines network systems. The mechanical properties of X70 steel have been well studied by many researchers, e.g., References 3, 9 through 24. Most studies have investigated the strength, toughness, fracture toughness, creep, and fatigue properties of X70 to insure a high level of structural integrity for pipelines. For example, fracture toughness is one of the most mechanical property that is frequently studied. It is the critical criterion in order to insure having a light-weight material with high strength and toughness in manufacturing pipelines. Also, the tensile test is the main technique used to evaluate the strength of pipelines steel. Thus, a tensile test simulation is the benchmark used to validate the developed models with the experimental data in this work. For more than 45 years, many coating systems have been used to protect pipelines from the effects of environments such as a high internal pressure, turbulent motion, and aqueous sedimentation; while the main protection studies have been conducted to prevent corrosion.[25] The most desired characteristics of coatings are applicability, large effective electrical resistance, effective moisture resistance, good adhesion to pipe surface, ability to withstand normal handling and installation, resistance to disbanding, ease of repair, and non-toxicity interactions with the environment.[26] Based on these characteristics, there are five mai
Data Loading...
