A critical literature review on biosolids to biochar: an alternative biosolids management option
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REVIEW PAPER
A critical literature review on biosolids to biochar: an alternative biosolids management option Savankumar Patel . Sazal Kundu . Pobitra Halder . Nimesha Ratnnayake . Mojtaba Hedayati Marzbali . Shefali Aktar . Ekaterina Selezneva . Jorge Paz-Ferreiro . Aravind Surapaneni . Cı´cero Ce´lio de Figueiredo . Abhishek Sharma . Mallavarapu Megharaj . Kalpit Shah
Received: 25 May 2020 / Accepted: 29 September 2020 Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The biosolids management is becoming an increased concern for the wastewater sector in recent times due to production of large volume of biosolids, their higher processing costs and the presence of emerging contaminants. The pyrolysis of biosolids is gaining significant interest in the industry sector as well as research community over the last decade due to its ability to reduce biosolids volume, produce highvalue biochar product and minimise the risk associated with contaminants. This paper aims to critically review the literature on biosolids management techniques and their current challenges, biosolids characteristics and its suitability for pyrolysis, pyrolysis product characterisation from different reactor designs and biochar application as a soil amendment, adsorbent and catalyst. The efforts have also been made to critically summarise studies on the process modelling
activities and techno-economic assessments including some key pilot-scale demonstrations of recent time. The review concludes that biosolids to biochar can be an effective alternative to biosolids management; however, its commercial viability is limited in the current scenario. In the end, efforts have been made to highlight current challenges including research gaps and future perspectives in improving its commercial viability. Keywords Biosolids Sewage sludge Wastewater Biochar Thermochemical conversion Pyrolysis
S. Patel S. Kundu P. Halder N. Ratnnayake M. H. Marzbali S. Aktar E. Selezneva J. Paz-Ferreiro K. Shah (&) Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia e-mail: [email protected]
C. C. de Figueiredo Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brası´lia, Brası´lia, DF 70910-970, Brazil
A. Surapaneni South East Water, Frankston, VIC 3199, Australia
M. Megharaj Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
A. Surapaneni K. Shah ARC Training Centre for Transformation of Australia’s Biosolids Resource, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
A. Sharma Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India
123
Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol
1 Biosolids management and its challenges Biosolids are the solid by-product formed after the treatment of sewage sludge. Biosolids usually contain solids between 15 and 90% (Fonts et al. 2012; Furness et al. 2000; Kemmer et al. 1971; Patel et al. 2019c). Biosolids are c
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