A feasible approach efficiently redisperse dried cellulose nanofibrils in water: vacuum or freeze drying in the presence
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
A feasible approach efficiently redisperse dried cellulose nanofibrils in water: vacuum or freeze drying in the presence of sodium chloride Guangrui Ma . Ming He Jiachuan Chen
. Guihua Yang . Xingxiang Ji . Lucian A. Lucia .
Received: 22 June 2020 / Accepted: 12 November 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs) were exposed to a certain amount of sodium chloride (NaCl) before being subjected to two types of drying methods (freeze drying and vacuum drying). The effect of two drying methods on water redispersibility of CNFs was investigated by characterizing product morphology, particle size distribution, water stability, and surface chemistry. The results showed that vacuum drying was favorable for the redispersion of CNFs with NaCl resulted in more homogenous fibril structure with lower mean particle sizes and higher water stability. Fourier transform-infrared
spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) experiments indicated that vacuum drying at pH 8 was more conducive to complexation between Na? and carboxyl, hydroxyl groups favorable for CNF redispersion. Furthermore, NaCl is cheap, and the process is very straightforward which does not require any organic solvents or hazardous chemicals. Therefore, vacuum drying with NaCl may be considered as a green and economically feasible method for preparation of water redispersible dried CNFs.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03591-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. G. Ma M. He G. Yang (&) X. Ji L. A. Lucia J. Chen State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji’nan, Shangdong Province 250353, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected] M. He (&) State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China e-mail: [email protected] L. A. Lucia Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Keywords Water redispersibility Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) Vacuum drying Freeze drying Stability
Introduction Decades after Turbak et al. (1983) first reported generating cellulose displaying lateral dimensions within the nanometer regime, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have garnered interest amongst the materials community that is not relenting (Qiu et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2008, 2011). Due to its high mechanical strength, large specific surface area, high aspect ratio, barrier properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility, CNFs are a prime candidate for applications in chemistry, physics, catalysis, material science, biomedical science, etc. (Habibi et al. 2010; Siqueira et al. 2010; Moon et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2015; He et al. 2016, 2018). However, the hydrophilic nature of
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