A Global Review of Ligustrum Lucidum (OLEACEAE) Invasion
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A Global Review of Ligustrum Lucidum (OLEACEAE) Invasion Romina D. Fernandez 1,6 & Sergio J. Ceballos 1 & Roxana Aragón 1,2 & Agustina Malizia 1 & Lía Montti 1,3 & Juan I. Whitworth-Hulse 4 & Pilar Castro-Díez 5 & H. Ricardo Grau 1,2 1
IInstituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Tucumán, Argentina 2 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Tucumán, Argentina 3 Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras-CONICET, Instituto de Geología de Costas y del Cuaternario Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina 4 Grupo de Estudios Ambientales – IMASL, Universidad Nacional de San Luis-CONICET, San Luis, Argentina 5 Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain 6 Author for Correspondence; e-mail: [email protected] # The New York Botanical Garden 2020
Abstract Ligustrum lucidum is a highly invasive East Asian tree that successfully colonizes several subtropical and temperate areas around the world. Its invasion capacity results from a widespread human use mostly in urban and periurban settings, very abundant fruit and seed production, small bird-dispersed fruits, high germination rates, resprouting capacity, fast growth rates, low herbivory levels and tolerance to a wide range of light, temperature and soil. All these traits contribute to its ability to rapidly increase in abundance, alter biodiversity, landscape ecology and limit its management. This paper reviews the current knowledge on L. lucidum with particular focus on its uses, distribution, invasiveness, ecological and economic impacts and control measures. Most relevant aspect of the review highlight the negative ecological impacts of L. lucidum, its potential to continue expanding its range of distribution and the need of further studies on the eco-physiology of the species, economic impact and social perception of its invasion and early warning systems. Keywords Biological invasions . Ecological impacts . Glossy privet . Invasive tree species .
Invasive plant control
Introduction Invasive organisms are a distinctive feature of biological communities in the Anthropocene, particularly in peri-urban and human-disturbed ecosystems. Invasive
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tree species are especially important because they may dominate primary production and vegetation structure, which in turn have large consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem services (Richardson and Rejmánek 2011). Many exotic tree species were introduced by humans to provide goods and services, such as shade and landscaping in gardens and urban settings, timber for construction, pulp for paper manufacture or edible fruits (Dickie et al. 2014; Castro Díez et al. 2019). However, once introduced, some of them can become invasive and displace native species, modify habitats, and affect ecosystem functioning and se
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