A History of Physical Theories of Comets, From Aristotle to Whipple

The book describes the major physical theories of comets in the past two millennia. It demonstrates the evolution of ideas about the nature, position, motion and physical constitution of comets from Aristotle to Whipple. Unlike the available works on the

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Archimedes NEW STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 19

EDITOR Jed z. Buchwald, Dreyfuss Professor of History, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS Jeremy Gray, The Faculty of Mathematics and Computing, The Open University, Buckinghamshire, UK. Sharon Kingsland, Department of History of Science and Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.

ADVISORY BOARD Henk Bos, University of Utrecht Mordechai Feingold, California Institute of Technology Allan D. Franklin, University of Colorado at Boulder Kostas Gavroglu, National Technical University of Athens Anthony Grafton, Princeton University Trevor Levere, University of Toronto Jesper Lützen, Copenhagen University William Newman, Indiana University, Bloomington Lawrence Principe, The Johns Hopkins University Jürgen Renn, Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte Alex Roland, Duke University Nancy Siraisi, Hunter College of the City University of New York Noel Swerdlow, University of Chicago Archimedes has three fundamental goals; to further the integration of the histories of science and technology with one another: to investigate the technical, social and practical histories of specific developments in science and technology; and finally, where possible and desirable, to bring the histories of science and technology into closer contact with the philosophy of science. To these ends, each volume will have its own theme and title and will be planned by one or more members of the Advisory Board in consultation with the editor. Although the volumes have specific themes, the series itself will not be limited to one or even to a few particular areas. Its subjects include any of the sciences, ranging from biology through physics, all aspects of technology, broadly construed, as well as historicallyengaged philosophy of science or technology. Taken as a whole, Archimedes will be of interest to historians, philosophers, and scientists, as well as to those in business and industry who seek to understand how science and industry have come to be so strongly linked

Tofigh Heidarzadeh

A History of Physical Theories of Comets, From Aristotle to Whipple

Tofigh Heidarzadeh University of California Riverside, USA

ISBN 978-1-4020-8322-8

e-ISBN 978-1-4020-8323-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008924856 © 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

To Farzaneh and Nikoo for their endless love and support

Acknowledgments

I would like to especially thank Professor Peter Barker (Department of History of Science, University o