A human milk-mimicking fluid for PIV experiments
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
A human milk‑mimicking fluid for PIV experiments Lin Jiang1 · Diana L. Alatalo1 · Fatemeh Hassanipour1 Received: 4 May 2020 / Revised: 8 September 2020 / Accepted: 11 September 2020 / Published online: 1 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract It is essential to formulate a refractive index (RI)-matched fluid to use in silicone phantom models for particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments. In this work, an extensive effort to develop a non-Newtonian human milk-mimicking fluid (HMMF) with different concentrations of sodium iodide (NaI), glycerol (Gly), xanthan gum (XG), and distilled water (DW) is conducted. Measurements of RI and density are fitted onto a linear empirical expression relating to the NaI and Gly concentration. The Cross model was utilized to find the nonlinear viscosity model of raw human milk. HMMF solution is generated from a multi-constrained optimization. The matched HMMF, suitable for use in the lactating human breast phantom with bifurcated ductal structures, is achieved with composition of 15.69% NaI, 30.27% Gly, 54.02% water and 0.02% XG by weight percentage resulting in a non-Newtonian viscosity matched with that of human milk. Graphic abstract
Kinematic viscosity
(m2 /s)
10-1 10-2
Cross Model of Human Milk Human Milk Viscosity Range Cross Model of HMMF solution
10-3 10-4
10-2
100
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(a) Cross model fit for non-linear human milk kinematic viscosity
1 Introduction Over the past 2 decades, particle image velocimetry (PIV) systems have been developed to study the fluid dynamics of many types of flows (Schröder and Willert 2008). Optical * Fatemeh Hassanipour [email protected] Lin Jiang [email protected] Diana L. Alatalo [email protected] 1
Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA
(b) Air in ducts
(c) HMMF in ducts
clearness of the model and particle movement visualization in the fluids are important characteristics and requirements of a successful PIV experiment. However, for some applications, such as vascular models with complex geometry, these requirements cannot be easily satisfied (Yousif et al. 2011). Refractive index (RI) matching is the key to solving distortion problems and allows more precise PIV measurements with high-speed cameras. Previous models used in PIV experiments on fluid dynamics have been built with transparent materials such as glass, acrylic, and polypropylene. Recently, PDMS and silicone are of particular interest in bio-fluid flow research due to their flexibility, excellent optical clarity, elasticity and tissue-mimicking abilities. In
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addition to RI matching fluids with solids in PIV experiments, matching the rheological properties of the non-Newtonian analog fluid in the PIV experiment requires further attention. Studies in large vessels with shear rates above 500 s−1 use solutions of glycerin (Gly) with sodium iodide (NaI) in distilled water (DW) as a Ne
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