A lack of association between increases in gastrointestinal, liver, and urologic cancers and cyanobacterial contaminatio
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
A lack of association between increases in gastrointestinal, liver, and urologic cancers and cyanobacterial contamination of fresh water lakes in Manitoba Meaghan A. Labine 1 & Emma Shu 2 & Lin Xue 2 & Giselle Mak 2 & Jane Griffith 2 & Gerald Y. Minuk 1,3 Received: 28 May 2019 / Accepted: 12 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are becoming increasingly abundant in North American fresh water lakes. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria have been associated with gastrointestinal injury, liver failure, and nephrotoxicity. They have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal and liver cancers. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the incidence rates of gastrointestinal, liver, and urologic cancers are increasing in the province of Manitoba and, if so, whether these increases spatially and/or temporally correlate with areas where cyanobacterial contamination of fresh water lakes have been identified. Cancer incidence data were obtained from the Manitoba Cancer Registry. Cyanobacterial contamination data, as reflected by microcystin toxin concentrations, were available from the Manitoba Water Stewardship. ArcGIS mapping was employed to document spatial and temporal relationships between cancer incidence and cyanobacterial data. The results revealed that although the incidence rates for all three cancers have increased over the past 20–25 years, these increases were not disproportionally higher in zones with high microcystin toxin determinations. The results of this study argue against increased exposure to cyanotoxins as an explanation for the increase in gastrointestinal, liver and urologic cancers in Manitoba. Keywords Cyanotoxins . Microcystin . Blue-green algae . Liver . Liver tumors . Hepatocellular carcinoma . Hepatotoxins . Gastrointestinal cancer . Urologic cancer
Introduction Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are bacteria that are common in North American fresh water lakes (Orihel et al. 2012). Certain species of cyanobacteria produce water-soluble toxins that following oral consumption are absorbed by the intestinal mucosa, metabolized by the liver, and excreted by the kidney (Robinson et al. 1991, Fischer et al. 2010). These toxins and microcystin toxin in particular inhibit serine-threonine
Responsible editor: Vitor Manuel Oliveira Vasconcelos * Gerald Y. Minuk [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
2
Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
3
Section of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, John Buhler Research Centre, University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
phosphatase activity, increase oxidative stress, and are genotoxic, properties implicated in the pathogenesis of host cell injury and in the case of gastrointestinal and liver tumors, carcinogenesis (Guzman et al. 2003, Bouaicha and Maatouk 2004, Gaudin et al. 200
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