A Meta-Model-Based Procedure for Quantifying the On-Site Efficiency of Rockfall Barriers
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A Meta‑Model‑Based Procedure for Quantifying the On‑Site Efficiency of Rockfall Barriers Stéphane Lambert1 · David Toe2 · Alessio Mentani3 · Franck Bourrier1 Received: 13 May 2020 / Accepted: 29 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This article proposes a procedure for developing tools to quantify the on-site efficiency of any rockfall barrier. This procedure relies on meta-modeling techniques to predict the barrier ability in arresting rock blocks, whatever their trajectory. For demonstration purpose, a specific low-energy barrier for which a finite element model was available is considered. The barrier response is simulated varying six parameters describing the rock block kinematics. Six different methods are used to create meta-models predicting the simulated barrier response. The ability of each method in creating meta-models with good prediction capacities is evaluated. Meta-models created utilizing the best methods are then used to quantify the efficiency of the barrier in arresting rock blocks in two real situations. These situations exhibit very similar 95% percentiles of the block passing height and kinetic energy but very different distributions for the other parameters describing the kinematics of the rock blocks. The predictions reveal that the barrier efficiency is extremely site-dependant. The discussion addresses the meta-models performance and highlights the benefits in using such meta-models for quantifying the barrier efficiency, in particular with respect to more classical barrier design approaches. Last, the proposed eight-step procedure for generating meta-models to be used in operational contexts is described. Keywords Rockfall mitigation · Barrier · Meta-model · Rockfall simulations
1 Introduction Various types of passive countermeasures are employed to protect roads, railways, living areas and buildings against rockfall. The definition of the best mitigation strategy and the design of protective structures depend on various parameters, including the block kinetic energy and the site topography in particular, and aim at reducing the hazard at the element at risk down to an acceptable value. This is in particular the case for barriers consisting in an interception structure hanged on post-supported cables. Barriers are the most widely used structures in this context and their variety has considerably increased since their first use in the 1970s. * Stéphane Lambert [email protected] 1
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, ETNA, 38000 Grenoble, France
2
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, 38000 Grenoble, France
3
Universitá di Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
In operational contexts, the selection of the appropriate barrier to install on a given site mainly relies on the results from tests conducted following the European Assessment Document (EAD) dealing with rockfall protection kits (EOTA 2018). This document describes a standardized conformance test procedure consisting in impacts on real-scale bar
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