A microfluidic electrochemical flow cell capable of rapid on-chip dilution for fast-scan cyclic voltammetry electrode ca
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RESEARCH PAPER
A microfluidic electrochemical flow cell capable of rapid on-chip dilution for fast-scan cyclic voltammetry electrode calibration Lauren M. Delong 1 & Yuxin Li 1 & Gary N. Lim 1 & Salmika G. Wairegi 1 & Ashley E. Ross 1 Received: 3 December 2019 / Revised: 13 January 2020 / Accepted: 5 February 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Here, we developed a microfluidic electrochemical flow cell for fast-scan cyclic voltammetry which is capable of rapid on-chip dilution for efficient and cost-effective electrode calibration. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes is a robust electroanalytical technique used to measure subsecond changes in neurotransmitter concentration over time. Traditional methods of electrode calibration for FSCV require several milliliters of a standard. Additionally, generating calibration curves can be time-consuming because separate solutions must be prepared for each concentration. Microfluidic electrochemical flow cells have been developed in the past; however, they often require incorporating the electrode in the device, making it difficult to remove for testing in biological tissues. Likewise, current microfluidic electrochemical flow cells are not capable of rapid on-chip dilution to eliminate the requirement of making multiple solutions. We designed a T-channel device, with microchannel dimensions of 100 μm × 50 μm, that delivered a standard to a 2-mm-diameter open electrode sampling well. A waste channel with the same dimensions was designed perpendicular to the well to flush and remove the standard. The dimensions of the T-microchannels and flow rates were chosen to facilitate complete mixing in the delivery channel prior to reaching the electrode. The degree of mixing was computationally modeled using COMSOL and was quantitatively assessed in the device using both colored dyes and electrochemical detection. On-chip electrode calibration for dopamine with FSCV was not significantly different than the traditional calibration method demonstrating its utility for FSCV calibration. Overall, this device improves the efficiency and ease of electrode calibration. Keywords Electrochemistry . Microfluidics . T-channel . Carbon-fiber microelectrode . Flow cell . Dopamine
Introduction Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes is an electroanalytical technique used to monitor subsecond neurochemical release and clearance in tissue [1, 2]. Over the last few decades, several advances in FSCV technology have been developed including new waveforms for selective analyte detection [3–6], novel electrode materials [7–12], and new hardware and software for improved background subtraction [13], basal level
Published in the topical collection featuring Female Role Models in Analytical Chemistry. Yuxin Li and Gary N. Lim contributed equally to this work. * Ashley E. Ross [email protected] 1
University of Cincinnati – Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
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