A model for the estimation of the mixing zone behind large sea vessels
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
A model for the estimation of the mixing zone behind large sea vessels Ephim Golbraikh 1 & CJ Beegle-Krause 2 Received: 1 May 2020 / Accepted: 25 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract One of the important tasks associated with reducing the concentration of contaminants in the sea surface layer is the determination of their mixing volume, as of the most active systems for mixing the sea surface layer are sea vessels. The wake of a ship is a highly mixed medium. The study of the wake development over time is important when evaluating the mixing of various pollutants in the wake with neutralizing chemicals. As shown in some previous works, in the wake of a vessel that crosses a contaminated surface, the concentration of harmful impurities decreases to background values; however, the problem of determining the volumetric characteristics of this wake remains. In our work, we propose a relatively simple model for assessing the characteristics of a turbulent wake in the near zone behind a vessel. Based on the actual parameters of the vessels, the parameter F= (penetration depth) / (draft) was calculated, which characterizes the potential mixing effects caused by turbulence in the wake. The proposed simple model can be used, for example, to assess the mixing of oil when it is being bottled, with chemicals, to assess possible scenarios of increasing its dilution. Keywords Ship wake . Mixing . Dispersion . Dilution . Arctic
Introduction The study of wastewater treatment processes and offshore oil spills near the ocean surface is of great importance in solving the problem of minimizing the environmental impact of pollution (Höfer 1999; Devault et al. 2017; Jing et al. 2018; Ye et al. 2019). During the preparation for possible oil spills in ice-covered waters, it is necessary to study the possibility of using chemical dispersants. In this case, in calm, summer ice waters of the Arctic, it is important to evaluate the process of mixing of materials from the sea surface with the water column. Processes that can create intense mixing in the water column may be associated with the passage of the ship Responsible Editor: Marcus Schulz * Ephim Golbraikh [email protected] CJ Beegle-Krause [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
2
SINTEF Ocean, Rockland, MA, USA
through the pollution area. Indeed, the turbulent wake of the ship is a zone of a strong mixing. The study of the wake development is important in evaluating the mixing of various pollutants. In (Loehr et al. 2006), the volumetric mixing of various pollutants from large cruise liners along their wake was investigated. It follows from the data obtained that after mixing, the concentration of the contaminants in the wake did not exceed the norm. Therefore, the study of the properties of the wake behind a ship is one of the important tasks in the description of active processes of volumetric mixing near the sea surface. Unfortunately, at present, the
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