A Modern Introduction to Probability and Statistics Understandin

Probability and Statistics are studied by most science students, usually as a second- or third-year course. Many current texts in the area are just cookbooks and, as a result, students do not know why they perform the methods they are taught, or why the m

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F.M. Dekking C. Kraaikamp H.P. Lopuhaa¨ L.E. Meester

A Modern Introduction to Probability and Statistics Understanding Why and How

With 120 Figures

Frederik Michel Dekking Cornelis Kraaikamp Hendrik Paul Lopuhaa¨ Ludolf Erwin Meester Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 4 2628 CD Delft The Netherlands Whilst we have made considerable efforts to contact all holders of copyright material contained in this book, we may have failed to locate some of them. Should holders wish to contact the Publisher, we will be happy to come to some arrangement with them. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A modern introduction to probability and statistics. — (Springer texts in statistics) 1. Probabilities 2. Mathematical statistics I. Dekking, F. M. 519.2 ISBN 978-1-85233-896-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A modern introduction to probability and statistics : understanding why and how / F.M. Dekking ... [et al.]. p. cm. — (Springer texts in statistics) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-85233-896-1 1. Probabilities—Textbooks. 2. Mathematical statistics—Textbooks. I. Dekking, F.M. II. Series. QA273.M645 2005 519.2—dc22 2004057700 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. ISBN 978-1-85233-896-1 Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2005 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. 12/3830/543210 Printed on acid-free paper SPIN 10943403

Preface

Probability and statistics are fascinating subjects on the interface between mathematics and applied sciences that help us understand and solve practical problems. We believe that you, by learning how stochastic methods come about and why they work, will be able to understand the meaning of statistical statements as well as judge the quality of their content, when facing such problems on your own. Our philosophy is one of how and why: instead of just presenting stochastic methods as cookbook recipes, we prefer to explain the principles behind them. In this book you will find the basics of probability theory and statistics. In addition, there are several topics tha