A Mother-to-Child Transmission Study in Nigeria: The Impact of Maternal HIV Infection and HAART on Plasma Immunoglobulin
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
A Mother-to-Child Transmission Study in Nigeria: The Impact of Maternal HIV Infection and HAART on Plasma Immunoglobulins, Cytokine Profiles and Infant Outcome Chinwe O. Ewenighi-Amankwah1,2 Patience Muogbo5 • Lijun Rong2
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Charles Chinedum Onyenekwe3 • Ogochukwu Udemba4
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Received: 9 October 2019 / Accepted: 24 December 2019 Ó Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS 2020
Abstract Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HARRT) allows the HIV? pregnant mothers to have vaginal delivery and breastfeed. Here we investigated the maternal plasma immunoglobulin, cytokine secretion and the outcome of the exposed infants among the HIV? HAART treated pregnant women in Nigeria. In this study, different plasma immunoglobulins and cytokines were measured in the HIV? HAART treated pregnant mothers. Pooled culture supernatants of B and T lymphocytes showed lower levels of IFN-c, IL-10 and IL-4. There were lower IFN-c and IL-10 secretions at 1st trimester; however, IL-10 continued to be lower throughout 2nd and 3rd trimesters. TNF-a secretion significantly decreased as pregnancy progressed to term. There were high plasma IgG and low IgM in the HIV? HAART treated pregnant women. Plasma IgG was high during 1st and 3rd trimesters. After one year of follow up, all the exposed children were seronegative for HIV-1 and HIV-2. Vaginal delivery and breastfeeding among HIV? HAART treated mothers have shown to be safe. The use of HAART by the infected mothers and the use of septrin and niverapin by the exposed infants prevented mother to-child transmission of HIV. Keywords Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Prevention from mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) Lymphocyte stimulation Mitogen Cytokine Immunoglobulins
Introduction
& Chinwe O. Ewenighi-Amankwah [email protected] & Lijun Rong [email protected] 1
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki 480214, Nigeria
2
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
3
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 5025, Nigeria
4
Laboratory Unit, Mother of Christ Specialist Hospital, Ogui, Enugu 400252, Nigeria
5
Monitoring and Evaluation Unit, ART Department, Mother of Christ Specialist Hospital, Ogui, Enugu 400252, Nigeria
HIV weakens the immune strength of the pregnant mother through increase in HIV viremia, decrease in CD4? cell counts, decrease in neutrophil phagocytosis, reduction of lymphocyte transformation, enhancement of Th1/Th2 shift in cytokine production and decrease in immunoglobulin A, G and M (Clerici et al. 2000; Mu¨ller et al. 2002; Pacheco et al. 2006; Ifeanyichukwu et al. 2010; Onyenekwe et al. 2010). The maternal immune response is regulated by a complex system of cytokines whi
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