Heroin Abuse and/or HIV Infection Dysregulate Plasma Exosomal miRNAs
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Heroin Abuse and/or HIV Infection Dysregulate Plasma Exosomal miRNAs Xu Wang 1 & Li Sun 1,2 & Yu Zhou 1,3 & Qi-Jian Su 4 & Jie-Liang Li 1 & Li Ye 5 & Man-Qing Liu 6 & Wang Zhou 6 & Wen-Zhe Ho 1 Received: 25 January 2019 / Accepted: 29 October 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Exosomes play an important role in cell-to-cell communication as they can transfer functional molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs) from one cell to another, exerting biological and immunological functions. Here, we investigated the impact of HIV infection and/or heroin use on the expression of the miRNAs in plasma exosomes. We found that HIV infection or heroin use upregulated the majority (98%) of a panel of plasma exosomal miRNAs associated with immune regulation and inflammation. We also observed the enhanced effect of HIV infection and heroin use on some of these upregulated miRNAs. Our further investigation showed that the levels of four of neuro-inflammation-related miRNAs (146a, 126, 21, and let-7a) were higher in HIV-infected heroin users as compared with the control subjects. These findings indicate that the dysregulations of the plasma exosomal miRNAs support further studies to determine the role of the miRNAs in HIV and/or heroin use-mediated immune modulation and neuro-inflammation. Keywords Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) . Exosome . microRNAs (miRNAs) . Heroin
Introduction HIV infection is common among injecting drug users (IDUs), as a result of collective use of contaminated needle (Moore et al. 2004; Mathers et al. 2008). In the United States, 9% (3425 cases) of HIV-infected individuals (39,782 cases) were attributed to IDUs (https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/hiv-idu. html). In a nationwide retrospective cohort study in China (1989–2016), the injecting drug use (IDU) route of HIV infection was 70.7% among HIV long term non progressors
(LTNP) compared to only 37.1% of non LTNP. Injection of opioid use contributes significantly to HIV transmission among drug users (Degenhardt et al. 2017; Chen et al. 2018; Paquette and Pollini 2018; Christensen et al. 2019; Singh et al. 2019; Su et al. 2019). Although the role of opiate in promoting HIV disease progression remains to be determined, overwhelming evidence supports the notion that use of heroin or other opiate-derived substances impairs host immune system and induces inflammation (Alcabes and Friedland 1995; Zhang et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2008; Dennis et al. 2014;
Xu Wang and Li Sun contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-019-09892-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Wen-Zhe Ho [email protected]
4
Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530021, China
1
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
5
Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Sch
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