A Narrative Review on Clinical Applications of fNIRS
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REVIEW
A Narrative Review on Clinical Applications of fNIRS Md. Asadur Rahman 1
&
Abu Bakar Siddik 2 & Tarun Kanti Ghosh 2 & Farzana Khanam 3 & Mohiuddin Ahmad 4
Received: 4 December 2019 / Revised: 6 August 2020 / Accepted: 14 September 2020 # Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine 2020
Abstract Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a relatively new imaging modality in the functional neuroimaging research arena. The fNIRS modality non-invasively investigates the change of blood oxygenation level in the human brain utilizing the transillumination technique. In the last two decades, the interest in this modality is gradually evolving for its real-time monitoring, relatively low-cost, radiation-less environment, portability, patient-friendliness, etc. Including brain-computer interface and functional neuroimaging research, this technique has some important application of clinical perspectives such as Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, dyslexia, Parkinson’s disease, childhood disorders, post-neurosurgery dysfunction, attention, functional connectivity, and many more can be diagnosed as well as in some form of assistive modality in clinical approaches. Regarding the issue, this review article presents the current scopes of fNIRS in medical assistance, clinical decision making, and future perspectives. This article also covers a short history of fNIRS, fundamental theories, and significant outcomes reported by a number of scholarly articles. Since this review article is hopefully the first one that comprehensively explores the potential scopes of the fNIRS in a clinical perspective, we hope it will be helpful for the researchers, physicians, practitioners, current students of the functional neuroimaging field, and the related personnel for their further studies and applications. Keywords Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) . Anesthetic depth monitoring . Behavioral disorder . Neurological disorder . Assistive modality
Introduction Frans Jöbsis, a pioneer in biomedical optics, showed in 1977 that brain tissue transparency is relatively high in the nearinfrared (NIR) range (700–900 nm) of the optical spectrum which allows us to record the average hemoglobinoxyhemoglobin equilibrium in continuous time noninvasively using infrared transillumination spectroscopy [1]. After several demonstrations and different types of tests on laboratory animals, in 1985, this technique was first used to
* Md. Asadur Rahman [email protected] Abu Bakar Siddik [email protected] Tarun Kanti Ghosh [email protected] Farzana Khanam [email protected] Mohiuddin Ahmad [email protected]
study cerebral oxygenation on sick newborn babies [2]. The first prototype of the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument was deployed by Marco Ferrari, in 1980. He started utilizing the prototype NIRS instruments for measuring the changes in brain oxygenation in human adults [3, 4]. In 1984, David Delpy started developing several NIRS instruments. The first quantitative measurement of numerous hemodynamic oxygena
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