A new binary to gray code converter based on quantum-dot cellular automata nanotechnology
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A new binary to gray code converter based on quantum‑dot cellular automata nanotechnology Xiao‑bin Shu1 · Li‑na Li2 · Miao‑miao Ren1 · Bayan Omar Mohammed3 Received: 23 July 2019 / Accepted: 12 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is one of the most prominent technologies in nanometer-scale with appreciable reduction of size and power consumption and high switching frequency to overcome the scaling limitations of complementary metaloxide semiconductor. On the other hand, code converters play a key role in signal processing and efficient network designs. The researchers have focused on emerging nano-devices that can identify errors throughout information transfer. Therefore, in this research, a new QCA-based 4-bit binary to gray converter circuit employing the appropriate configuration of the XOR gate as a basic building block has been suggested. The layout has been generated using the QCADesigner simulation tool to test the functionality of the code converter. The performance results indicated that the proposed converter works properly and has optimum performance parameters such as latency, complexity, and consumed area as compared to the current schemes. Keywords Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) · Digital communication · Binary · Gray · Code converter · XOR gate · Nanoscale
1 Introduction Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is pledging nanotechnology which is a possible candidate to design different logical circuits at the nanoscale. Nowadays, the designer uses a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), but overcoming to its physical limitations is difficult [1–4]. Among many suggested alternatives, QCA is the vision toward the modern era of nanotechnology to create digital electronic devices without employing the transistors for reaching fast and low-power dissipation with smaller dimensions [5–9]. In QCA devices, the fundamental element is a quantum cell with four quantum dots that can house two mobile electrons [10–13]. QCA develops a device based on quantum effects and conveys information between inputs to output by changing the charge configuration [14–17]. Thus, * Xiao‑bin Shu [email protected] 1
Luohe Vocational College of Food, Luohe 462300, Henan, China
2
SongShan ShaoLin WuShu College, Dengfeng 452470, Henan, China
3
Information Technology Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
the electron orientations show the data in contrast to the existing flow of CMOS circuits. A code converter is a combinational circuit that must be inserted between the two systems for their compatibility even each of them uses a distinct binary code for the same information. The basic goal of code converters is to enhance the efficiency of signal processing systems [18–21]. QCAbased code converters are significant circuit components to change information from one format to another [22, 23]. Gray code converter is very applicable in the error detection process during info
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