A new integrated approach to cardiac mechanics: reference values for normal left ventricle
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A new integrated approach to cardiac mechanics: reference values for normal left ventricle Giorgio Faganello1 · Dario Collia2 · Stefano Furlotti1 · Linda Pagura1 · Michele Zaccari1 · Gianni Pedrizzetti2 · Andrea Di Lenarda1 Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 3 July 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The association between left ventricular (LV) myocardial deformation and hemodynamic forces is still mostly unexplored. The normative values and the effects of demographic and technical factors on hemodynamic forces are not known. The authors studied the association between LV myocardial deformation and hemodynamic forces in a large cohort of healthy volunteers. One-hundred seventy-six consecutive subjects (age range, 16–82; 51% women), with no cardiovascular risk factors or any relevant diseases, were enrolled. All subjects underwent an echo-Doppler examination. Both 2D global myocardial and endocardial longitudinal strain (GLS), circumferential strain (GCS), and the hemodynamic forces were measured with new software that enabled to calculate all these values and parameters from the three apical views. Higher LV mass index and larger LV volumes were found in males compared to females (85 ± 17 vs 74 ± 15 g/m2 and 127 ± 28 vs 85 ± 18 ml, p 60 years. Differences between groups were analyzed for statistical significance using Student’s t-test for continuous variables, the chisquare test and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Through the linear regression analysis, we calculated the correlations between continuous variables. Intra-observer and inter-observer variability were assessed in 10 randomly selected subjects by calculating the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the LV strain components and volumes. Statistical tests were performed using SPSS version 22 (IBM, Armonk, New York) and MatLab (Natick, MA, USA; R2019b). The null hypothesis was rejected for P
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