A new tool for the remote sensing of groundwater tables: satellite images of pastoral wells
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(2020) 5:4
Open Geospatial Data, Software and Standards
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Open Access
A new tool for the remote sensing of groundwater tables: satellite images of pastoral wells Bernard Collignon
Abstract In the Sahara and the Sahel, groundwater is a limited and indispensable resource for pastoral livestock farming. The daily life and work of the herders are organised around the location of the wells and the depth of the water table. To ensure the sustainable development of these regions, it is therefore essential to develop accurate piezometric maps, even in the areas that are most difficult to access. Thanks to high-resolution satellite images, the tracks made by cattle, goats and camels in the Sahara and Sahel could become a key indicator of the depth of the water table. In the northern Sahel, pastoralists water their livestock from deep wells. To draw water, they hitch oxen or camels to a rope whose length is an accurate measure of the depth of the piezometric surface of the water table. When pulling on this rope, the animals leave deep tracks on the ground that can be observed and measured on satellite images. We have developed a remote sensing technique that allows us to (a) identify pastoral wells, (b) isolate the tracks left by the animals used to draw water, and (c) use these animal tracks to estimate the water depth. After carefully calibrating the method, we were able to use open data (Landsat) and satellites images freely accessible data thanks to Google Earth Pro (SPOT and Worldview) to draw up, in just a few weeks, the piezometric map of a large aquifer (200,000km2) that is not easily accessible by other means due to the prevailing insecurity that has persisted in this part of the Sahel region for several years. This same method was then subsequently tested and validated on two other aquifers, one in Nigeria and one in Niger. Keywords: Pastoral wells - remote sensing - piezometric surface - water table - Batha, Chad
Introduction Since 2015, we have supervised two major European Union-funded drilling programmes in the northern part of the Chadian Sahel: the project PAEPA (Programme d’Eau Potable et d’Assainissement - 1100 boreholes, including 264 in the study area) and the project RESTE (Résilience et Emploi au Lac Tchad - 200 boreholes in the study area). These boreholes have enabled us to greatly improve our knowledge of the Plio-Quaternary aquifer in the Chadian Sahel. Correspondence: [email protected] HYDROCONSEIL, 198, chemin d’ Avignon, 84470 Chateauneuf de Gadagne, France
However, we still lack water level measurements for the pastoral areas on the northern fringe of the aquifer as the drinking water drilling campaigns have focused on the most densely populated central and southern parts of the region (Fig. 1 - map of PAEPA and RESTE drilling programmes, as compared to the study area). Drilling campaigns have not explored the northern parts of the basin despite a large proportion of overall groundwater abstraction taking place in this area. This is justified by the fact that tube
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