A novel indolium salt as a rapid colorimetric probe for cyanide detection in aqueous solution
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A novel indolium salt as a rapid colorimetric probe for cyanide detection in aqueous solution Dan Wen1 · Xuankai Deng2 · Yanhua Yu1 Received: 14 July 2020 / Accepted: 19 September 2020 © Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences 2020
Abstract In this study, a new chemosensor IDTTH for rapid detection of cyanide (CN─) based on 6,6,12,12-Tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl) -6,12-dihydrodithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]di- thiophene-2,8-dicarboxaldehyde-hemicyanine conjugate has been developed. The 6,6,12,12-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-6,12-dihydrodithi-eno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′] dithiophene was served as a signal unit and hemicyanine as a recognition unit. This probe shows high selectivity towards CN─ ions among tested anions. Addition of CN─ ions to probe IDTTH in semi-aqueous solution (acetonitrile/H2O = 1/1, V/V) could lead to a 195 nm blue shift of absorption band, together with colour changes from blue to yellow. The sensing mechanism is attributed to the nucleophilic addition between CN─ and the C=N bond of indolium group, which could be clearly clarified through the 1H NMR titration and MS spectral. Moreover, probe IDTTH could be used as the test strips with low cost to detect CN─ ions conveniently by naked eyes. Keywords Cyanide detection · Colorimetric probe · Indolium salt · Test strips
Introduction Among various common anions in human life, C N─ is one of the most toxic species due to its high binding ability with Fe3+ in heme, which prevents it from reducing to divalent iron, interrupts the electron transfer in biological oxidation process, makes tissue cells unable to use the oxygen in the blood and causes an internal asphyxia. The central nervous system is most sensitive to hypoxia, so the brain is damaged first, leading to central respiratory failure and death (Vennesland et al. 1981). Even a trace amount of C N─ can lead to human death, so the maximum allowed level of CN─ in drinking water is 1.9 μM according to the World Health Organization (WHO) (World Health Organization 2004). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-020-01371-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Yanhua Yu [email protected] 1
Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
Institute of Wuhan Studies, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
2
However, CN─ is still widely used in several fields, such as metallurgy, polymer processing, herbicide production, plastics production, and the resins industry (Guo et al. 2009). Its wide application would inevitably cause the environment pollution. Hence, it is quite essential to develop simple, rapid and sensitive method for CN─ detection. To date, thanks to the effort of many scientists, several traditional analytical methods for cyanide detection have been developed. For instance, electrochemistry (Figueira et al. 2016; Kaur et al. 2013), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS)
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