A novel protein upstream stimulatory factor 2 identified in lamprey, Lethenteron reissneri
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A novel protein upstream stimulatory factor 2 identified in lamprey, Lethenteron reissneri Yuxuan Guo 1,2 & Tiesong Li 1,2 & Qingwei Li 1,2 & Yue Pang 1,2 & Peng Su 1,2 Received: 6 April 2020 / Accepted: 29 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Upstream stimulatory factors are kinds of multi-functional transcription factors, which are expressed in eukaryotes widely, including Upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USFl) and upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2). USF protein has a typical basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (b-HLH-LZ) structure, which is involved in cell cycle, cell proliferations, glucose and lipid metabolism, and other biochemical processes. Although the USF family is an important regulator of cellular processes, little is known about the USF genes of lampreys, especially their evolutionary relationships, expression profiles, and biological functions. Here, an upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) homolog from lamprey (Lethenteron reissneri) was identified and characterized (designated as L-USF2) because it is closer to USF2 subfamily than to USF1 subfamily. The cDNA fragment of L-USF2 has an open reading frame (ORF) of 765-bp length, encodes 254 amino acids, and contains an HLH domain at the c-terminal of amino acids. Meanwhile, motifs and genetic structure analysis reveal that USF2 gene exons are conserved. Moreover, the 3D structure analysis indicates that L-USF2 adopts the general USF2 folding and has a high structural similarity with H-USF2. The synteny results showed that the L-USF2 adjacent gene changed greatly compared with the jaw vertebrates. By real-time quantitative experiment and Western blot analysis, we found that L-USF2 gene played a significant role in the immune responses. This study not only provides us with a further understanding of the evolution and function of the USF gene family but also provides a basis for exploring its immune responses and immune defenses in lampreys. Keywords Molecular evolution . USF2 . Immune function . Lamprey
Introduction The upstream stimulatory factors USFl and USF2 belong to the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (b-HLH-LZ)
Yuxuan Guo and Tiesong Li contributed equally to this work. Communicated by Matthias Hammerschmidt Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-020-00666-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Yue Pang [email protected] * Peng Su [email protected] 1
College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
2
Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
transcription factor family and they are widely distributed throughout the genome of eukaryotes (Corre and Galibert 2005). They can bind to e-boxes of the core sequence of 5′CANNTG-3′ (NN=GC or CG) DNA in the target genes promoter as a homodimer or heterodimer to regulate the expression of the target genes (Bussière et al. 2010), and participate in cell cycle and proliferation, gl
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