A novel robust image watermarking in quaternion wavelet domain based on superpixel segmentation
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A novel robust image watermarking in quaternion wavelet domain based on superpixel segmentation Pan-pan Niu1 · Li Wang1 · Xin Shen1 · Si-yu Zhang1 · Xiang-yang Wang1 Received: 15 November 2019 / Revised: 23 February 2020 / Accepted: 3 March 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Feature-based image watermarking is a well-developed area of digital image watermarking. The key advantage of such an approach is the ability to guard against the local desynchronization attacks. However, research in this area usually suffers from the following limitations: (1) The feature points focus too much on the high contrast region and are distributed unevenly. (2) The feature point detector is sensitive to the texture region, and some noise feature points are always detected in the texture region. Based on superpixel image segmentation and quaternion wavelet transform, we propose a digital image watermarking approach which is highly robust against common image processing operations and local geometric transformations. First, the entropy rate superpixel segmentation is used to segment the host image into several homogeneous regions. Then, for each segment region, image feature points are extracted using the SIFER detector, and the affine invariant local regions are constructed adaptively. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into the local regions by modulating the invariant modulus coefficients. Experimental results are provided to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed image watermarking, especially for noise attacks and local desynchronization attacks. Keywords Image watermarking · Local desynchronization attacks · Superpixel segmentation · SIFER detector · Quaternions wavelet transform
1 Introduction With the development of Internet technology and multimedia tools, it has become easy to distribute and transmit digital media like image, audio, and video. Simultaneously, the protection of intellectual property has also become more and more important for society. Digital watermarking has been proposed and widely studied during recent years for copyright
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Pan-pan Niu [email protected] Xiang-yang Wang [email protected] School of Computer and Information Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, People’s Republic of China
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Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing
protection and content authentication (Qasim et al. 2018). While digital watermarking can be widely applied to various digital media, this study focuses on digital image watermarking. Imperceptibility and robustness are the two main requirements of any watermarking system. But there is a tradeoff between these requirements from the information-theoretic perspective (Kaur and Dutta 2018). Robust watermarking mainly serves for identification purposes. Since a good watermarking scheme should always be able to deal with some kinds of attacks, which can be classified into common image processing operations such as noise and compression; and desynchronization attacks (Hua et al. 2016). In particu
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