A patient-specific surgical simulator using preoperative imaging data: an interactive simulator using a three-dimensiona
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RESEARCH
Open Access
A patient-specific surgical simulator using preoperative imaging data: an interactive simulator using a three-dimensional tactile mouse Kazuhiro Endo*, Naohiro Sata, Yasunao Ishiguro, Atsushi Miki, Hideki Sasanuma, Yasunaru Sakuma, Atsushi Shimizu, Masanobu Hyodo, Alan Lefor and Yoshikazu Yasuda * Correspondence: [email protected] Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke City, Tochigi Prefecture 329-0498, Japan
Abstract Preoperative simulation can greatly facilitate the safe and effective conduct of surgical procedures, especially for difficult and complex operations such as hepatectomy and pancreatectomy. A computer simulation system may greatly assist surgeons to preoperatively evaluate an operation and facilitate sharing of information among the operative staff. However, there are several problems with existing simulation systems. We have developed a new surgical simulation system using a patient’s own imaging data, which has some advantages over existing systems. Individual anatomical information obtained through an imaging study is used in this system. In addition it allows interactive control, similar to what a surgeon does in a real operation. Furthermore, a surgeon can control the system intuitively using a three dimensional tactile mouse. Changing the translucency of objects makes it easy to understand complex anatomical relationships. In conclusion, this new system is a patient-specific surgical simulator and can be applied to navigation surgery, medical education and patient communication. Keywords: Simulator; Virtual reality; Education; Image processing; Patient-specific; Surgery
Background Hepatectomy and pancreatectomy are among the most difficult abdominal surgery procedures to perform due in part to their anatomical complexity, vascular variation, and the wide variety of surgical techniques and tumor locations. Surgeons must maintain an adequate balance between function of residual tissue and curability, which poses an additional challenge. Performing a preoperative simulation may be one of the best ways a surgeon can improve the safety of a surgical procedure. Currently, most surgeons simulate procedures mentally to perform them safely and effectively. However, this level of preoperational evaluation and the lack of realistic simulation allows for little information sharing among members of the team and objectivity. Computer simulation using threedimensional (3D) visualization techniques helps to address these problems. Many surgical simulators are available for preoperative evaluation and surgical education [1-6], but several problems still exist. First, individual variations in anatomy and tumor location are not reflected in existing simulation systems. Simulators for preoperative © 2014 Endo et al.; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any m
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