A Promising Horizon in Mechanical and Corrosion Properties Improvement of Ni-Mo Coatings Through Incorporation of Y 2 O
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NTRODUCTION
ALLOYING elements, such as phosphorous, cobalt, iron, copper, molybdenum, and tungsten, can be incorporated into the pure Ni coatings in order to enhance their final properties. Among these elements, molybdenum shows almost the same physicomechanical features as tungsten and remarkably improves the mechanical as well as the corrosion properties of Ni coatings. Also, as the molybdenum is cheaper than tungsten, it attracts tremendous attention.[1–6] Electrodeposition is a relatively simple and cost-effective method, which can be operated at low temperatures. Furthermore, this method can be applied for mass production.[7–9] Originated from a noticeable difference in melting points as well as the low reciprocal solubility of Ni and Mo, fabrication of Ni-Mo through
MEHDAD FATHI, MIR SAMAN SAFAVI, SAHAND MIRZAZADEH, and ALIREZA ANSARIYAN are with the Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box: 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran. IRAJ AHADZADEH is with the Research Laboratory of Electrochemical Instrumentation and Energy Systems, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, P.O. Box: 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran. Contact email: [email protected] Manuscript submitted July 16, 2019.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
thermal-based methods is so difficult from both theoretical and technical points of view. Nevertheless, application of the electrodeposition process can satisfactorily surmount this challenge. It is well known that during the electrodeposition process from aqueous medium, Mo successfully codeposits with ferrous metals.[8,10–15] Recently, application of Ni-Mo alloy coatings received enormous interest primarily due to their favorable tribomechanical, corrosion, thermal, and catalytic properties. Hence, they are commonly used in various industrial fields such as electronic motors and protective coatings on solar cells and solar battery surfaces.[10,12,13,16–24] Actually, it is possible to further improve these properties via introduction of reinforcements and additives, and also through controlling processing parameters, e.g., current density, electrodeposition bath pH, and temperature.[25–33] Despite numerous studies dealing with the evaluation of the various properties of Ni-Mo alloy coatings, the influence of the embedded reinforcements on the final properties of these coatings is less frequency assessed in the To date, Ni-Mo-ZrO2[16] and literature.[16] Ni-Mo-Al2O3[19,34] are the only studied Ni-Mo–based composite coatings. In accordance with the literature, Ni-Mo alloy coatings can be considered as a hopeful alternative for the environmentally toxic process
containing hard chromium coatings. Much effort has been made to reduce the use of hard chromium coatings worldwide since releasing hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) ions has raised serious concerns about environmental health. It was found that the further increase in mechanical properties of Ni-Mo alloy coatings through inclusion of the reinforcements can dramatically enhance the proba
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