A review: Lumpy skin disease and its emergence in India
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REVIEW ARTICLE
A review: Lumpy skin disease and its emergence in India Tania Gupta 1 & Vanita Patial 1 & Diksha Bali 1 & Shivani Angaria 1 & Mandeep Sharma 1 & Rajesh Chahota 1 Received: 3 July 2020 / Accepted: 12 August 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of Capripoxvirus genus of Poxviridae family. It is a transboundary disease of the economic importance affecting cattle and water buffaloes. The disease is transmitted by arthropod vectors and causes high morbidity and low mortality. LSD has recently been reported first time in India with 7.1% morbidity among cattle. Generally, fever, anorexia, and characteristic nodules on the skin mucous membrane of mouth, nostrils, udder, genital, rectum, drop in milk production, abortion, infertility and sometimes death are the clinical manifestations of the disease. The disease is endemic in African and Middle East countries but has started spreading to Asian and other countries. It has been recently reported from China and Bangladesh sharing borders with India. We have summarized occurrence of LSD outbreaks in last 10 years in Asian countries for the first time. In India, currently epidemiological status of the disease is unknown. Vaccination along with strict quarantine measures and vector control could be effective for preventing the spread of the disease. This review aims to summarise the latest developments in the epidemiology with the focus on transboundary spread, aetiology and transmission, clinical presentations, diagnostics and management of the disease. Keywords Lumpy skin disease . Transboundary spread . Outbreak . India
Introduction Lumpy skin disease is an infectious viral disease caused by Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of Capripoxvirus genus, subfamily Chordopoxvirniae, family Poxviridae. The disease is known by various names such as “LSD”, “Pseudo-urticaria”, “Neethling virus disease”, “exanthema nodularis bovis”, and “knopvelsiekte” (Al-Salihi 2014, Tuppurainen et al. 2017). LSD is a non-zoonotic, vector borne and transboundary disease with limited host range and currently restricted to ruminants viz. cattle and water buffaloes. The arthropod vectors responsible for the disease spread include biting flies, mosquitoes and ticks (Tuppurainen et al. 2011; Lubinga et al. 2013a, b). Natural infection of sheep and goat has not been reported even in close contact with infected cattle and buffaloes but skin lesions have been seen after experimental infection in sheep, goat, giraffe, Giant gazalles, impalas (Davies 1991). LSD is
* Rajesh Chahota [email protected] 1
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur PIN 176062, India
associated with high morbidity but low mortality (Abutarbush et al. 2013). The disease is characterized by fever, lymph node swelling, circumscribed nodules on skin causing severe emaciation, reduction in milk production, infertility. Overal
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