Emergence of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia1 group IX in India
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Emergence of foot‑and‑mouth disease virus serotype Asia1 group IX in India Saravanan Subramaniam1 · Jitendra K. Biswal1 · Jajati K. Mohapatra1 · Sagar A. Khulape1 · M. Madhanmohan2 · Raj Kumar Singh1 Received: 15 April 2020 / Accepted: 3 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype Asia1 is prevalent in India and is responsible for a minor proportion of FMD outbreaks. Globally, serotype Asia1 is grouped into nine different groups (GI-IX) based on genetic analysis. In India, only Asia1/G-III and Asia1/G-VIII have been documented so far. Phylogenetic analysis of recent serotype Asia1 isolates from India revealed the emergence of Asia1/G-IX. The Asia1/G-IX lineage shares recent common ancestry with Asia1/GVIII dating to 2016. The root state posterior probabilities of Asia1/G-VIII are inclusive and there may have been either an incursion of the virus from Bangladesh, where it was first identified, or in situ evolution of the virus within India, which is an intriguing possibility. Abbreviations FMD Foot-and-mouth disease G Group MCMC Markov chain Monte Carlo ML Maximum likelihood BVS Bovine vaccinate serum Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important contagious disease of livestock, mainly cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goat and pigs. The etiological agent FMD virus (FMDV) is a member of the genus Aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae. FMDV exists as seven distinct serotypes, viz. O, A, Asia1, C, Southern African Territories (SAT)1, SAT2 and SAT3. Serotype Asia1 is prevalent mainly in Asian countries, including South and South-East Asia, China, and the Middle East. During 2004-2009, serotype Handling Editor: Sheela Ramamoorthy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04766-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jitendra K. Biswal [email protected] 1
ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, India
Veterinary University Training and Diagnostic Centre, TANUVAS, Madurai 625005, India
2
Asia1 was responsible for a number of FMD incidences in Eastern Asia, Central Asia, and the Far East [1]. These outbreaks were caused by six different genetic groups (G-I to G-VI) of serotype Asia1, and phylogenetic analysis revealed dissemination of the virus over a large distance within a short time. Three serotypes of FMDV (O, A and Asia1) are prevalent in India, and serotype Asia1 was first identified in the country during the years 1951-52 [2]. It is critical to understand the evolutionary and antigenic behaviour of FMDV in order to implement a control programme effectively. In this study, phylogenetic analysis of FMDV serotype Asia1 isolates collected during 2013-2020 was performed, and the results indicated the emergence of new genetic group in India. In India, FMDV serotype Asia1 accounted for 434 out of 3233 FMD outbreaks (13.4% of the total FMD incidences) recorded during the year
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