A review of partial least squares modeling (PLSM) for water quality analysis
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REVIEW ARTICLE
A review of partial least squares modeling (PLSM) for water quality analysis Punit Khatri1 · Karunesh Kumar Gupta1 · Raj Kumar Gupta2 Received: 11 July 2020 / Accepted: 3 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Regression is a powerful tool in statistical modeling suited for qualitative and quantitative analysis and widely used in forecasting and prediction. The partial least squares modeling (PLSM) is one of the regression tools used in statistical analysis. There are many fields in which PLSM has been used; water is one of them, which is an area of interest for many researchers and scientists for more than two decades. Since water has multiple parameters to analyze, there is a problem of dimensionality and collinearity. The problem of multidimensionality, as well as collinearity, can be solved by PLSM. PLS regression can be suitable for analysis as it is the most prominent multivariate regression tool. This paper describes the use of PLS regression modeling for water quality analysis of different kinds of water samples (groundwater, wastewater, river water, and coastal water). Various methods employing PLSM for water quality analysis has been discussed in detail. Keywords Regression · Statistical method · PLSM · Collinearity · Water quality
Introduction Water, one of the natural resources for the survival of human beings, is a prerequisite for life. Over the past decade, water crisis is becoming a global issue. Seventy percent of our natural water resources are used for irrigation and agricultural purposes, and only 10% is used for household purpose (Haider et al. 2017; Djerioui et al. 2019; Judran and Kumar 2020; Razmjoo et al. 2020). Globally, around 850 million people cannot access clean and safe water. Almost 80%t of illness in a human is due to polluted water. Nearly one out of every five deaths in infants is due to the consumption of polluted water (Anan 2003; UNICEF and WHO 2009; FAO 2016; UN 2016). Globally, around 2 billion people are using contaminated drinking water, which causes around five lakh diarrheal deaths each year (World Health Organization (WHO) 1996). Around 5% death of humans is due
* Punit Khatri [email protected]‑pilani.ac.in 1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
Department of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
2
to diarrhea, which is among the top ten causes of deaths in India, as shown in Fig. 1. In India, groundwater levels are continuously decreasing as residents, industries, and farmers are draining natural water resources, and the increasing population is also a concern (Nag 2014). The remaining water is polluted, which humans are bound to use as they have no choice, and the future is going to be worse than our imagination. The India water tool (IWT) 2.1 is a publicly available platform created by a group of different industries, companies, and the research institutes, including the Water
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