A Review of Portable High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: the Future of the Field?
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REVIEW
A Review of Portable High‑Performance Liquid Chromatography: the Future of the Field? Faraz Rahimi1,2 · Stelios Chatzimichail1 · Aliyah Saifuddin1,2 · Andrew J. Surman2 · Simon D. Taylor‑Robinson1 · Ali Salehi‑Reyhani1 Received: 7 May 2020 / Revised: 22 July 2020 / Accepted: 5 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract There is a growing need for chemical analyses to be performed in the field, at the point of need. Tools and techniques often found in analytical chemistry laboratories are necessary in performing these analyses, yet have, historically, been unable to do so owing to their size, cost and complexity. Technical advances in miniaturisation and liquid chromatography are enabling the translation of these techniques out of the laboratory, and into the field. Here we examine the advances that are enabling portable liquid chromatography (LC). We explore the evolution of portable instrumentation from its inception to the most recent advances, highlighting the trends in the field and discussing the necessary criteria for developing in-field solutions. While instrumentation is becoming more capable it has yet to find adoption outside of research. Keywords Portable HPLC · Miniaturised chromatography · Field chemistry
Introduction Field‑Based Chemistry The miniaturisation and translation of laboratory-based analytical methods to the field is a major endeavour in instrumentation development. Researchers from various fields have made significant progress towards this goal with a variety of technologies. The aim of this review is to bring attention to the advances in miniaturised high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems and the endeavours to bring the laboratory to the sample. The realisation of other field-based chemistry has made a major impact on a variety of societal challenges. For instance, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease virus Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-020-03944-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ali Salehi‑Reyhani ali.salehi‑[email protected] 1
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, London, UK
2
(FMDV) infect livestock globally resulting in extreme economic loss [1]. Wildlife disease surveillance focusses on early detection, vital to minimise the damage caused by FMDV outbreaks. The evolution of portable platforms capable of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) and amplification assays for FMDV eliminate the delays associated with transportation of samples to the laboratory [2]. The Biomeme range of instruments (Biomeme Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA), and similar, have revolutionised surveillance in sectors ranging from aquatic ecology to industrial quality control, allowing informed decision-making based on developments in real-time. Franklin™ by Biomeme (Fig. 1) is a handheld quantitative PCR thermocycler able to deliver results from multip
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