A Review of Rare-Earth Elements Extraction with Emphasis on Non-conventional Sources: Coal and Coal Byproducts, Iron Ore
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REVIEW
A Review of Rare-Earth Elements Extraction with Emphasis on Non-conventional Sources: Coal and Coal Byproducts, Iron Ore Tailings, Apatite, and Phosphate Byproducts Meisam Peiravi 1 & Fahimeh Dehghani 2 Manoj Mohanty 6 & Tathagata Ghosh 2
&
Louis Ackah 3 & Azam Baharlouei 1,4 & Justin Godbold 5 & Jia Liu 1 &
Received: 11 March 2020 / Accepted: 11 September 2020 # Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration Inc. 2020
Abstract Primary economical deposits of rare-earth elements (REEs) are exhausting all over the world, and it has become necessary to find new sources and methods for their extraction. In addition, increasing the application of REEs in modern technological society has increased its demand globally. One of the important movements to compensate for the future shortages of critical metals is the recovery of REEs from recyclable materials. This paper presents a review of the classification and extraction methods, as well as general applications of REEs with emphasis on secondary sources such as coal and coal byproducts, iron ore tailings, apatite, and phosphate byproducts. An overview of the current state of knowledge on the various methods of REE beneficiation and extraction is covered. These methods include physical separation, as well as hydrometallurgical and bio-hydrometallurgical techniques. The application of these REE extraction techniques for enhanced recovery has been driven primarily by the unique industrial application of these important elements. This paper further explores the existing and potential environmental challenges associated with REE extraction. The authors have presented a wide array of literature, in-depth discussion of the subject, and a succinct summary of processes and relevant case studies. Keywords Hydrometallurgy . Rare-earth elements . Strategic metals . Bioleaching . Biosorption
1 Introduction The rare-earth elements (REEs) are a specific set of 17 chemical elements that appear on the periodic table. They consist of
* Fahimeh Dehghani [email protected] 1
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
2
Mining and Geological Engineering Department, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
3
Mining and Mineral Resources Engineering Department, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
4
Plant Biotechnology and Genome Core-Facility, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
5
Technology Department, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
6
Mining & Metallurgical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
scandium, yttrium, and the 15 elements of the lanthanide series including lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium, gadolinium terbium (TB), dysprosium, holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium, ytterbium (Yb), and lutetium (Lu). The REEs may be classified based on differences in demand–consumption patterns, atomic number, weight, solubility, and different
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