A Review on Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing for Metallic Fixation Implants
The World Health Organization predicted that by 2020 trauma cases are going to be the main reason of death. Internal fixations “bone fixation plates” currently used to treat bone fractures present significant drawbacks that decrease the healthcare quality
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A Review on Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing for Metallic Fixation Implants Abdulsalam Abdulaziz Al-Tamimi, Mohammed S. Al-Qahtani, Fengyuan Liu, Areej Alkahtani, Chris Peach, and Paulo Jorge Bártolo
10.1 Introduction Trauma is a major cause of disability and death in both developed and developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) has predicted that by 2020 trauma will be one of the primary causes of years of life loss [1]. Bone fractures are frequently associated to major injuries and are caused by stresses that exceed bone strength.
A. A. Al-Tamimi Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Kind Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK e-mail: [email protected] M. S. Al-Qahtani · F. Liu · P. J. Bártolo () School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] A. Alkahtani Department of Paediatrics, College of medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia e-mail: [email protected] C. Peach School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 B. Bidanda, P. J. Bártolo (eds.), Virtual Prototyping & Bio Manufacturing in Medical Applications, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35880-8_10
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Bone can heal itself through a complex physiological process comprising acute inflammatory reaction, cartilage callus formation, endochondral ossification, and finally bone remodelling [2]. However, if the energy of the trauma is high, exceeding bone strength it can cause significant displacement of the bones resulting in a bone fracture or inherently unstable fracture patterns. Often this requires a surgical procedure on the affected bone to stabilise the injury and allow healing to take place. The fractured bone is restored to its original anatomy by bringing the bone ends into apposition and is fixed with either absolute or relative stability to enhance bone healing, reduce pain, and improve the return to full function for the affected patient [3]. Bone healing is influenced by the fracture site stability (interfragmentary movement). Interfragmentary movement is determined by the mechanical strain (e.g., deformation) that occurs at the fracture site and controlled by the stability process. Two mechanisms of healing have been identified [4]: • Indirect (secondary) bone healing: occurs due to mechanical stimulation (relative stability) of interfragmentary movement (2–10% strain) • Direct (primary) bone healing: occurs in the present of absolute stability (i.e., little or no movement of the fracture fragments—0 to 2% strain) The most common methods of bone fracture tre
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