A specialised delivery system for stratospheric sulphate aerosols (part 2): financial cost and equivalent CO 2 emission
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A specialised delivery system for stratospheric sulphate aerosols (part 2): financial cost and equivalent CO2 emission I. E. de Vries1 · M. Janssens2 · S. J. Hulshoff2 · DSE 16-02 Received: 25 July 2019 / Accepted: 24 February 2020 / © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Temporary stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) using sulphate compounds could help avoid some of the adverse and irreversible impacts of global warming, but comprises many risks and uncertainties. Among these, the direct financial cost and carbon emissions of potential SAI delivery systems have hitherto received only modest attention. Therefore, this paper quantifies the initial and operating financial costs and initial and operating equivalent CO2 (CO2 eq) emissions of the specialised aircraft-based SAI delivery system developed with relatively high-fidelity tools in part 1 of this series. We analyse an interval of operating conditions, within which we devote special attention to four injection scenarios outlined in part 1: Three scenarios where H2 SO4 vapour is directly injected at several dispersion rates and one SO2 injection scenario. We estimate financial cost through Raymer’s adjustment of Rand Corporation’s Development and Production Costs for Aircraft (DAPCA) model, augmented by additional data. CO2 eq emission is computed from existing data and the computed fuel consumption for each of the scenarios. The latter estimates include an emission weighting factor to account for non-CO2 aircraft combustion products at altitude. For direct H2 SO4 injection, both financial cost and CO2 eq emission are sensitive to the design dispersion rate. For scenarios where higher dispersion rates are achieved, the delivery system’s cost and CO2 eq are relatively small compared with the presumed benefits of SAI. The most optimistic H2 SO4 scenario is found to have a financial cost and CO2 eq emission similar to that of SO2 injection, while potentially allowing for reductions in the annual mass of sulphur injected to achieve a target negative radiative forcing. The estimates of financial cost and CO2 eq emission were subjected to sensitivity analyses in several key parameters, including aircraft operational empty weight, engine specific fuel consumption, fuel price and aerosol price. The results indicate that the feasibility of the considered scenarios is robust. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02686-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Design Synthesis Exercise 2016 - Group 02: M. Cruellas Bordes, C. J. G. De Petter, A. F. van Korlaar, L. P. Kulik, R. Maselis, L. H. Mulder, S. Stoev, K. J. F. van Vlijmen, C. H. Melo Souza, D. Rajpal S. J. Hulshoff
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Climatic Change
1 Introduction If emission of greenhouse gases and associated global warming proceed along a high Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) (IPCC 2018), one may consider enacting temporary measures
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