A Study on the Effect of Electrodeposition Parameters on the Morphology of Porous Nickel Electrodeposits
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UCTION
NICKEL foam has attracted increasing academic interest as electrodes for electrocatalysis,[1,2] supercapacitors,[3] sensor,[4] and modified current collector for Li-ion battery[5–8] due to high surface area, high electrical conductivity, and ability to withstand compressive stress. Higher surface area leads to enhanced kinetics and accessibility of reactive species, higher electrical conductivity results in rapid electrochemical reactions, and stress-absorbing ability plays an important role in alleviating the cyclic strain-controlled fatigue
SRIJAN SENGUPTA and ARGHYA PATRA are with the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB 721302, India. SAMBEDAN JENA is with the School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB 721302, India. KARABI DAS and SIDDHARTHA DAS are with the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur and also with School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Srijan Sengupta and Arghya Patra have contributed equally to this study. Manuscript submitted June 7, 2017.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
stress developed in the conversion-type electrode due to repeated lithiation and delithiation. Porous nickel has been mainly synthesized through self-assembly[5] followed by electrodeposition, directional freeze casting,[9] and hydrogen bubble-templated electrodeposition.[10] The method of synthesis of the porous scaffold affects the pore volume, pore size distribution, and interconnectivity, and all the factors synergistically affect the electrochemical properties. Of all the methods, dynamic bubble hydrogen-templated (DBHT) electrodeposition is an inexpensive, room-temperature process with an intricate control of the microstructure. The role of key deposition parameters (applied voltage and deposition time) and bath composition (pH, role of anion, and concentration of Ni2+ ions) for electrodeposition of nickel foam by DBHT electrodeposition have not been studied extensively. In case of DBHT, at high overvoltage and low metal-ion concentrations, deposition of metal around hydrogen bubbles leads to the development of a 3D interconnected structure with open porosity at the surface due to coalesced bubbles and closed porosity beneath the surface due to entrapped small bubbles. The first study on hydrogen bubble-template-assisted electrodepositions of tin and copper foam were performed by Liu et al.,[11] and the thickness and average
diameter of the pores were measured over time. The mechanism of formation of copper electrodeposits with dendritic, honeycomb-like, and dish-like morphologies has been extensively studied by Popov et al.[12–14] That author group laid out a foundation for the principle of electrodeposition of porous copper and linked the morphology with the effective overpotential and volume of H2 evolution.[12] The transformation
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