A systematic review of interventions to increase attendance at health and fitness venues: identifying key behaviour chan
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
A systematic review of interventions to increase attendance at health and fitness venues: identifying key behaviour change techniques Matthew Rand1*, Paul Norman2 and Elizabeth Goyder1
Abstract Background: Members’ attendance at health and fitness venues typically declines over the course of their membership, with a likely negative impact on physical activity and health outcomes. This systematic review sought to examine the effectiveness of interventions to increase attendance at health and fitness venues and identify the behaviour change techniques (BCTs) included in effective interventions. Methods: A systematic search of seven databases was conducted. The Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy was used to code the interventions. Cohen’s d was used to assess the effectiveness of the interventions. Results: Fourteen papers reporting 20 interventions were included in the review. Most interventions were found to have trivial or small effects on attendance, although one had a medium effect (d = 0.60) and three had a large effect (ds = 1.00, 1.37, 1.45). The interventions used a limited range of BCTs, with “Prompts/Cues” being the most frequently used. Of the interventions with large effect sizes, two used “Problem solving” and “Pros and cons” and one used “Goal setting (behaviour)” and “Review behaviour goals”. Conclusions: Only a small number of studies have tested interventions to increase attendance at health and fitness venues, with predominantly trivial or small effects. With the possible exception of problem solving alongside decisional balance and goal setting alongside reviewing behaviour goals, there is little evidence for the effectiveness of specific BCTs. Further research is required to identify the key components of effective interventions to increase attendance at health and fitness venues. Keywords: Physical activity, Public health, Health and fitness, Interventions, Attendance, Behaviour change
Background Worldwide, it is estimated that 31% of adults aged 15 and over are inactive; that is, they do not meet the recommended guidance of 150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity (PA), or at least 75 min of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA, per week [1]. Thus, there * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 School of Health and Related Research, The University of Sheffield, 30 Regent St, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
is a clear need to increase PA in a significant proportion of the population. Public Health England (PHE) has identified a range of sectors that are well positioned to help the population become more active including local and national government, schools, health services, the transport sector, voluntary organisations and the sport and leisure sector [2]. Of these, the sport and leisure sector is the only one to provide PA as a direct service and is therefore well placed to support increases in PA levels. However, to date, there is limited evidence about how
© The Author(s). 2020 Open Acce
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