A wearable micro-fuel cell sensor for the determination of blood alcohol content (BAC): a multivariate regression model
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A wearable micro-fuel cell sensor for the determination of blood alcohol content (BAC): a multivariate regression model approach Ahmed Hasnain Jalal1
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Yogeswaran Umasankar2
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Ernesto A. Pretto Jr.3
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Shekhar Bhansali1
Received: 26 June 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 Ó Institute of Smart Structures & Systems, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 2020
Abstract A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell-based wearable alcohol sensing device has been explored for the monitoring of blood alcohol content (BAC) in real time. The watch-like alcohol monitoring device detects alcohol from the perspiration of the human skin. This transcutaneous (transdermal) fuel cell sensor can detect a wide range of concentrations of alcohol, including a physiological range of concentration (5–100 mg/dl), with the detection time of * 5 s. A calibration model, such as principal component regression (PCR), was implemented to reduce standard errors and refine the calibration of this sensor by offsetting noise. The BAC values from the transcutaneous sensor were closer to the theoretical values, with 77.47% improvement in accuracy compared to readings from off the shelf breathalyzer. The results from human studies demonstrate that this fuel cell sensing device in accompany with the proposed PCR model can be employed for the determination of BAC through transcutaneous measurements. Keywords BAC Ethanol Micro-fuel cell sensor Transcutaneous PCR Wearable
Introduction Monitoring blood alcohol content (BAC) is essential for self-awareness, in law enforcement, forensic and physiological applications (Jernigan 2014; Room et al. 2005; Goodman et al. 1986; Jones 2000). Breathalyzers are widely used as a noninvasive technique; however, accurate quantification of BAC through breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC) measurements is limited due to over- and underestimations (Mason and Dubowski 1974; Dubowski 1994; Polissar et al. 2015). Their discrete measurement
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s41683-020-00059-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & Shekhar Bhansali [email protected] 1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Electrical, Computer and Enterprise Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
2
Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
3
Department of Anesthesiology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
technique is neither sensitive nor specific to fluctuations in BAC. This inaccuracy is facilitated by the mouth alcohol, extrinsic, and intrinsic interferant compounds (Modell et al. 1993; Labianca 1990). Additionally, alcohol excreted via bronchial circulation is subject to breathing pattern variations (Hlastala 1998). Trained operators calibrate the breathalyzer for about 20 min before each measurement to
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