A Self-powered Wearable Wireless Sensor System Powered by a Hybrid Energy Harvester for Healthcare Applications
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A Self‑powered Wearable Wireless Sensor System Powered by a Hybrid Energy Harvester for Healthcare Applications Saeed Mohsen1 · Abdelhalim Zekry1 · Khaled Youssef2 · Mohamed Abouelatta1
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this paper, a wearable medical sensor system is designed for long-term healthcare applications. This system is used for monitoring temperature, heartbeat, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), and the acceleration of a human body in real-time. This system consists of a temperature sensor, a pulse oximeter sensor, an accelerometer sensor, a microcontroller unit, and a Bluetooth low energy module. Batteries are needed for supplying energy to this sensor system, but batteries have a limited lifetime. Therefore, a photovoltaic–thermoelectric hybrid energy harvester is developed to power a wearable medical sensor system. This harvester provides sufficient energy and increases the lifetime of the sensor system. The proposed hybrid energy harvester is composed of a flexible photovoltaic panel, a thermoelectric generator module, a DC–DC boost converter, and two super-capacitors. Experimentally, in active-sleep mode, the sensor system consumes an average power of 2.13 mW over 1 h and works without the energy harvester for 46 h. Finally, the experimental results illustrate the sustainable and long-term monitoring operation for the medical sensor system. Keywords Wearable sensor system · Healthcare monitoring · Energy harvesting · Supercapacitors · Photovoltaic (PV) · Bluetooth low energy (BLE)
1 Introduction In recent years, wearable sensor systems have played an important role in medical and internet of things (IoT) applications [1–4]. These sensor systems are widely used to measure a human’s vital parameters in real-time [5–8]. Batteries are generally used as the power supplies for the sensor systems. However, batteries have a limited lifetime [9, 10]. In addition, battery replacement is impractical and costly [11–13]. Energy harvesting techniques are used to increase the lifetime of the sensor system’s batteries [14–17]. These techniques use different energy sources such as photovoltaic energy [18], thermal energy [19], wind energy [20], radio frequency (RF) energy [21], and mechanical energy [22]. Photovoltaic * Saeed Mohsen [email protected] 1
Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
2
Faculty of Navigation Science and Space Technology, Beni-Suef University, Cairo, Egypt
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energy has the highest power density among the mentioned energy sources [23]. However, the illumination levels of photovoltaic energy are in continuous flux. Thus, DC–DC converters and energy-storage units are required to manage and store the energy acquired via harvesting techniques. Two effective storage-units include a rechargeable battery and super-capacitor that is used as an energy buffer. Rechargeable batteries have higher energy densities than super-capacitors. However, they have a more limited number o
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