Accumulation and Phytoavailability of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers and Cadmium in Allium sativum L. Under the Stress of
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Accumulation and Phytoavailability of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers and Cadmium in Allium sativum L. Under the Stress of Hexachlorocyclohexane and Cadmium Zhifan Chen • Ye Zhao • Tingzhong Guo Lei Gu
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Received: 26 June 2012 / Accepted: 1 November 2012 / Published online: 18 November 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012
Abstract The effects of Cd and HCHs with single and combined forms on Cd and HCHs phytoavailability of Allium sativum L. were investigated. The results indicated that the coexistence of Cd and HCHs presented antagonistic interactions mostly, which might be partly due to the formation of Cd–HCHs complex, compared with single stress. The bioaccumulation of Cd and HCHs in plants depended largely on their concentrations applied in pot soils, and the phytoavailability of HCH isomers was in the sequence: d- [ c- C b- [ a-HCH. Keywords Combined effects HCH isomers Cd Phytoavailability
With the development of modern industry and agriculture, more and more contaminants are releasing into soil environment and come into being soil combined pollution. Most of the contaminants are characterized by being nondegradable, easily bioaccumulation and high toxicity, which can enter the food chain via crop uptake from contaminated soils and do harm to human health. For example, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and cadmium (Cd) are two typical contaminants in the agricultural soil environment. HCHs were first synthesized in 1825 and have several main isomers including a-HCH, b-HCH, c-HCH, and Z. Chen (&) T. Guo L. Gu College of Environment and Planning, Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China e-mail: [email protected] Y. Zhao State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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d-HCH (Gong et al. 2004). Since the middle of last century, HCHs has been widely used as an insecticide on fruits and vegetables, rice paddies, trees and animals, or as a seed treatment (Haugen et al. 1998). However, due to being highly persistent and toxic, HCH isomers were banned to use by many countries, including China. But in some areas of China, the residue levels of HCHs detected were yet comparatively high. For instance, the investigation of Shi et al. (2005), the residue levels of HCHs in agricultural soils of Beijing ranged from 2.0 to 760.3 ng kg-1 (their geometric mean was 32.0 ng kg-1). The research done by Gong et al. (2004) showed that levels of total HCHs in agricultural surface soil in Tianjin were 45.8–141 ng g-1. Cd is one of the most widespread and toxic metals in soils, which is non-essential and potentially toxic to both humans and animals. As a result of phosphate fertilizer and sewage sludge use, Cd accumulates in many agricultural crops. As a matter of fact, Cd and HCHs were often coexisted in agricultural soils. Thus, to investigate phytoavailability and interaction of Cd and HCHs in crops grown in contaminated soils are much concerned. Due to closely correlation with ag
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