The potential of Allium sativum and Cannabis sativa extracts for anti-tick activities against Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus
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The potential of Allium sativum and Cannabis sativa extracts for anti‑tick activities against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Nasreen Nasreen1 · Sadaf Niaz1 · Adil Khan1 · Muhammad Arfan Zaman2 · Sultan Ayaz1 · Huma Naeem3 · Nasrullah Khan4 · Abdallah M. Elgorban5 Received: 30 July 2019 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The efficacy of Allium sativum and Cannabis sativa against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks was evaluated using the adult immersion and the larval packet test. In addition, an in silico approach was utilized by performing a docking study in order to identify the active ingredients from both plants. Results showed a comparatively high lethal effect of A. sativum and C. sativa on egg laying (index of egg laying = 0.26 and 0.24, respectively), egg hatching (33.5 and 37.1, respectively), and total larval mortality (100%, both), at 40 mg/mL. When applied to cattle which had been inoculated with larvae ticks, it was observed that a 45% solution of both herbal extracts significantly reduced the number of ticks by 96 h post treatment. We analyzed in silico 27 known active molecules from both plants and identified in the PubChem database to explore the hypothesis that the effect found on ticks was based on inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Vitamin E and cannabidiol are the most potent AChE inhibitors with docking scores of -15.85 and -14.38, respectively. Based on these findings, we conclude that A. sativum and C. sativa may potentially be used for the control of R. microplus, and should be further investigated as a potential supplement to or replacement of synthetic acaricides. Keywords Acaricide · Garlic · Cattle tick · Cannabinoids · Phytochemicals · In silico analysis · Vitamin E · Acetylcholinesterase
* Adil Khan [email protected] 1
Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 2320, Pakistan
2
College of Veterinary and Animal Scineces, Jhang, Pakistan
3
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
4
University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir. Lower, KP, Pakistan
5
Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, PO Box 255, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Vol.:(0123456789)
Experimental and Applied Acarology
Introduction Ticks and tick-borne diseases represent a serious economic threat to the global livestock industry. Globally, cattle ticks cause the loss of approximately 3 billion cattle hides annually, and the economic impact of ticks and tick-borne diseases has been estimated at 13.9–18.7 billion USD (Karim et al. 2017). The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the principal vector of Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale, which cause babesiosis and anaplasmosis worldwide, also in Pakistan (Bhat et al. 2017). For the last 6 decades, acaricides such as macrocyclic lactones, pyrethroids and organophosphates have been used to manage tick populations (Abbas et al. 2014). However, the indiscriminate use of these chemicals has resulted in the emergence of acaricide resistanc
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