Acetylation at lysine 346 controls the transforming activity of the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein in the Rat-1 fibroblast model
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Acetylation at lysine 346 controls the transforming activity of the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein in the Rat-1 fibroblast model Julie Lodewick1, Carla Sampaio1,3, Mathieu Boxus2, Anne-Sophie Rinaldi1, Katia Coulonval3, Luc Willems2, Pierre P Roger3 and Françoise Bex1*
Abstract Background: Transformation by the Tax oncoprotein of the human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is governed by actions on cellular regulatory signals, including modulation of specific cellular gene expression via activation of signaling pathways, acceleration of cell cycle progression via stimulation of cyclin-dependent kinase activity leading to retinoblastoma protein (pRb) hyperphosphorylation and perturbation of survival signals. These actions control early steps in T cell transformation and development of Adult T cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive malignancy of HTLV-1 infected T lymphocytes. Post-translational modifications of Tax by phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation and acetylation have been implicated in Tax-mediated activation of the NF-κB pathway, a key function associated with Tax transforming potential. Results: In this study, we demonstrate that acetylation at lysine K346 in the carboxy-terminal domain of Tax is modulated in the Tax nuclear bodies by the acetyltransferase p300 and the deacetylases HDAC5/7 and controls phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor pRb by Tax-cyclin D3-CDK4-p21CIP complexes. This property correlates with the inability of the acetylation deficient K346R mutant, but not the acetylation mimetic K346Q mutant, to promote anchorage-independent growth of Rat-1 fibroblasts. By contrast, acetylation at lysine K346 had no effects on the ability of Tax carboxy-terminal PDZ-binding domain to interact with the tumor suppressor hDLG. Conclusions: The identification of the acetyltransferase p300 and the deacetylase HDAC7 as enzymes modulating Tax acetylation points to new therapeutic targets for the treatment of HTLV-1 infected patients at risk of developing ATL. Keywords: HTLV-1, Tax, Acetylation, CDK4, Transformation, Leukemia
Background The oncogenic retrovirus human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes both Adult T cell leukemia (ATL), a fatal malignancy that occurs in 2 to 4% of infected carriers after decades of asymptomatic infection, and a neurodegenerative disease called HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) [1-3]. Early steps in the transformation of CD4+ T lymphocytes by HTLV-1 have been associated with the oncogenic properties of its protein Tax. * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Institute for Microbiological Research J-M Wiame (IRMW), Laboratory of Microbiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1, Avenue E. Gryson, Brussels, Belgium Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Four central activities have been linked to Tax transforming potential. First, Tax activates cellular signaling pathways, including the canonical [4-9] and non-canonical NF-κB [10-13], the SRF [14-16] and the AP1 [17,18] pathways. This act
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