Achieving Sustainable Development Goal for Clean Water in India: Influence of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors on Groun
- PDF / 1,818,262 Bytes
- 14 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 8 Downloads / 127 Views
Achieving Sustainable Development Goal for Clean Water in India: Influence of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors on Groundwater Microbial Pollution Srimanti Duttagupta 1 Abhijit Mukherjee1,2 Soumendra Nath Bhanja3 Siddhartha Chattopadhyay4 Soumyajit Sarkar1 Kousik Das1 Swagata Chakraborty2 Debapriya Mondal5 ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
1234567890();,:
1234567890();,:
Received: 18 April 2019 / Accepted: 29 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Worldwide, >2 billion people (~1/3 world population), mostly living in economically stressed areas of Africa and South Asia, still do not have access to basic sanitation, and ~1 billion still practice open defecation. Water pollution due to open defecation may primarily be linked to economy, and other factors such as social and hygiene practices, land use and hydrogeological parameters could also have sufficient influence. The present study describes the effect of human development index (HDI, 2001–2015) and economic development (NL, 1992–2013) on groundwater microbial pollution (FC, 2002–2017) across India. Economic development pattern suggested discernable inverse relationship with FC in most areas, although areas with inferior water quality, improper human practices were found to outweigh economic development. Vulnerability modelling, using these data, along with measured FC in groundwater-sourced drinking water locations (n = 235) demonstrated the heterogeneity of FC distribution potential in areas of homogenous economy, social practices, and land use. High-resolution numerical modelling of the advective transport of the hypothetical FC particles in the aquifers, suggest up to ~24 times faster movement of pollutants under irrigation-induced pumping regimes. Hence, the results of our study highlight and quantify the potential pitfalls that are possible hindrance for achieving the United Nations sustainable development goal, despite social and economic development, across the spatial scales. Keywords Faecal coliform Sustainable development goal Night-time light Human development index Population Western Bengal basin ●
●
●
●
●
Introduction
* Srimanti Duttagupta [email protected] * Abhijit Mukherjee [email protected] 1
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
2
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
3
Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Karnataka, India
4
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
5
School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, United Kingdom
The socio-economic development process is closely linked with water resources because of the connections between water and human activities (Mukherjee et al. 2019). The defined nature of the relationship between water and socioeconomic development is o
Data Loading...
