ACTIN2 Functions in Chloroplast Photorelocation Movement in Arabidopsis thaliana
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
ACTIN2 Functions in Chloroplast Photorelocation Movement in Arabidopsis thaliana Ju‑young Kim1 · Jeongsu Ahn1 · Hanbit Bong1 · Masamitsu Wada2 · Sam‑Geun Kong1 Received: 7 April 2020 / Revised: 26 May 2020 / Accepted: 22 June 2020 © Korean Society of Plant Biologist 2020
Abstract Chloroplast movement is regulated by dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. To gain insight into the function of ACT2 in chloroplast movement, we examined the effect of the act2-3 mutation, in which a T-DNA is inserted at the second exon of the ACT2 gene, and investigated a transgenic Arabidopsis plant expressing the GFP-ACT2 fusion protein. Chloroplast movement in the act2-3 mutant was retarded, especially during the avoidance response, compared with that in the WT. We further verified the physiological response of transgenic Arabidopsis expressing the GFP-ACT2 fusion gene with a 6xGSS linker sequence, which was recently reported to enable the direct visualization of actin filaments in a transient expression system. Although the expression of GFP-ACT2 had highly detrimental effects on the growth and development of transgenic Arabidopsis plants, GFP-ACT2 was incorporated into chloroplast actin (cp-actin) filaments instead of cortical actin filaments. The analyses of the act2 mutant and GFP-ACT2 transgenic plants suggest that ACT2 functions in chloroplast movement as a component of cp-actin filaments and that cp-actin filaments are differently regulated compared to cortical actin filaments. Keywords Arabidopsis thaliana · Actin · Actin cytoskeleton · Chloroplast movement · Cp-actin filaments
Introduction Actin is an essential protein that functions in a variety of physiological processes in eukaryotic cells, such as plant and organ developments, vesicle and organelle movements, and cell signaling transduction (Blancaflor 2013; Hussey et al. 2006; Kost et al. 1999; Mathur and Hulskamp 2002; Šamaj et al. 2006; Wada and Kong 2018). The Arabidopsis genome has eight functional actin genes that are divided into Ju-young Kim and Jeongsu Ahn authors are contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-020-09262-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Sam‑Geun Kong [email protected] 1
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju‑si, Chungcheongnam‑do 32588, Republic of Korea
Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji‑shi, Tokyo 192‑0397, Japan
2
two subclasses according to phylogeny and tissue-specific expression patterns. One subclass consisting of three genes, ACT2, ACT7, and ACT8, is preferentially expressed in vegetative tissues, while the other subclass consists of five genes, ACT1, ACT3, ACT4, ACT11, and ACT12, which are preferentially expressed in reproductive tissues (Meagher et al. 1999a, b). The individual actin isotypes play distinct roles in various plant ti
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