Adaptative mechanism of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT-1) and blood adenosine levels in elite freediver
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Adaptative mechanism of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT‑1) and blood adenosine levels in elite freedivers M. Marlinge1,2 · D. Vairo1,2 · A. Bertaud1 · C. Vernet2 · M. Chefrour2 · L. Bruzzese1 · M. C. Chaptal1 · G. Mottola1,2 · A. Boussuges1,3 · J. J. Risso3 · M. Blot‑Chabaud1 · M. Coulange1,4 · R. Guieu1,2 · F. Joulia1,4 Received: 17 May 2020 / Accepted: 1 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose Long static or intense dynamic apnoea-like high-altitude exposure is inducing hypoxia. Adenosine is known to participate to the adaptive response to hypoxia leading to the control of heart rate, blood pressure and vasodilation. Extracellular adenosine level is controlled through the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT-1) and the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). The aim of this study was to determine the control of adenosine blood level (ABL) via ENT-1 and ADA during apnoea-induced hypoxia in elite freedivers was similar to high-altitude adaptation. Methods Ten freediver champions and ten controls were studied. Biological (e.g. ENT-1, ADA, ABL, PaO2, PaCO2 and pH) and cardiovascular (e.g. heart rate, arterial pressure) parameters were measured at rest and after a submaximal dry static apnoea. Results In freedivers, ABL was higher than in control participants in basal condition and increased more in response to apnoea. Also, freedivers showed an ADA increased in response to apnoea. Finally, ENT-1 level and function were reduced for the free divers. Conclusion Our results suggest in freedivers the presence of an adaptive mechanism similar to the one observed in human exposed to chronic hypoxia induced by high-altitude environment. Keywords Adenosine · Apnoea · Hypoxia · ENT-1 · Adenosine deaminase Abbreviations ABL Adenosine blood level ADA Adenosine deaminase AIS Adenosine level in supernatant CTL Control group ENT-1 Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 Communicated by Guido Ferretti. M. Marlinge, D. Vairo, Régis Guieu and F. Joulia participating equally to the work. * R. Guieu [email protected] 1
C2VN, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aix Marseille University, Bvd J Moulin 13005, Marseille, France
2
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
3
ERRSO: Institute of Biomedical Research of the French Army (IRBA), Toulon, France
4
UFR STAPS, Toulon University, Toulon, France
FD Freedivers PaO2 Arterial partial pressure in dioxygen PaCO2 Arterial partial pressure in carbon dioxide SpO2 Peripheral saturation in dioxygen
Introduction Human physiological adaptations to breath-hold and highaltitude exposure are sources of considerable investigations and have been extensively discuss (Ferretti and Costa 2003; Moore 2017). It was shown that hypoxia induced by high-altitude exposure evokes an increase in blood adenosine level, which is considered as an altitude adaptation (Eltzschig et al. 2006). This increase is known to favour the vasodilation through the activation of
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