Adaptive Evolution for the Improvement of Ethanol Production During Alcoholic Fermentation with the Industrial Strains o
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tive Evolution for the Improvement of Ethanol Production During Alcoholic Fermentation with the Industrial Strains of Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae A. Zazulyaa, M. Semkiva, K. Dmytruka, and A. Sibirnya, * aInstitute
of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, 79005 Ukraine *e-mail: [email protected]
Received March 10, 2020; revised March 24, 2020; accepted September 18, 2020
Abstract—Ethanol is one of the most important biotechnological compounds widely used in medicine, pharmacology, food and fuel, cosmetology, and other fields. The main method for ethanol production is alcoholic fermentation using baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae converts glucose into ethanol very efficiently: ethanol yield is more than 90% of the theoretical maximum. However, even a slight increase in ethanol yield in an industrial-scale alcoholic fermentation can produce an additional 100 million t of ethanol each year. In this study, the method of adaptive evolution was used to increase the production of ethanol with industrial S. cerevisiae strains: yeast cells were exposed to long-term cultivation on the medium with high concentrations of glucose and ethanol. Most of the adapted strains obtained were characterized by increased ethanol production during alcoholic fermentation in comparison with the original strains. Keywords: ethanol, alcoholic fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, adaptive evolution DOI: 10.3103/S0095452720050059
INTRODUCTION Ethanol has an extremely wide range of applications. Among the most important are the production of fuel and alcohol, the use of ethanol as a solvent, antiseptics, etc. World-wide ethanol production has grown over the past decades, reaching 97 billion liters in 2015 [1]. Ethanol can replace gasoline as a fuel in Otto engines. Henry Ford used ethanol in one of his first cars in 1880. Despite Ford’s choice, oil later became the predominant primary source for fuel production due to its relative cheapness and ease of refining. Mineral fuels have dominated the global fuel market; however, the position of producers began to change after the global oil crisis in 1973, during which large-scale programs for the production of ethanol fuel were launched, such as PROALCOOL in Brazil [2]. Despite price volatility and unreliable oil supplies for mineral fuel production, most countries continue to rely on fossil fuels for fuel production. This has led to increasing interest in ethanol as an alternative fuel. Ethanol production is now considered as one of the possible alternatives to fossil fuels, since it could provide partial replacement of gasoline fuel. Moreover, ethanol production can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions, a factor that exacerbates the greenhouse effect and is a major cause of climate change. The combustion of a renewable fuel in car engines releases
only such an amount of carbon dioxide that was previously absorbed by plants, thus reducing overall CO2 emissions. Thus, interest in alternative fuel sources has been growing steadily in recent deca
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