Adaptive Evolution of Chalcone Isomerase Superfamily in Fagaceae
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Adaptive Evolution of Chalcone Isomerase Superfamily in Fagaceae Li‑Mei Lin1 · Hong‑Yu Guo1 · Xin Song1 · Duo‑Duo Zhang1 · Yue‑Hong Long1 · Zhao‑Bin Xing1 Received: 26 May 2020 / Accepted: 23 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Chalcone Isomerase (CHI) catalyzes the biosynthesis of flavonoids and secondary metabolism in plants. Currently, there is no systematic analysis of CHIs gene family in Fagaceae which is available. In this study, twenty-two CHI proteins were identified in five species of the Fagaceae family. The CHI superfamily in Fagaceae can be classified into three subfamilies and five groups using phylogenetic analysis, analysis of physicochemical properties, and structural prediction. Results indicated that serine (Ser) and isoleucine (Ile) residues determine the substrate preferred by active Type I Fagaceae CHI, and the chalcone isomerase-like (CHIL) of Fagaceae had active site residues. Adaptive analysis of CHIs showed that CHIs are subject to selection pressure. The active CHI gene of Fagaceae was located in the cytoplasm, and it had the typical gene structure of CHI and contains four exons. All the twentytwo identified CHIs had the conserved domain motif 3, and the different groups had their own structural characteristics. In the process of fatty acid binding protein (FAP) evolution to CHIL and CHI, the physical and chemical properties of proteins also had significant differences in addition to changes in protein functions. Keywords Fagaceae · Chalcone isomerase · Gene family · Adaptive analysis
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10528-020-10012-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Yue‑Hong Long [email protected] * Zhao‑Bin Xing [email protected] 1
College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
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Biochemical Genetics
Introduction Flavonoids are common secondary metabolites in plants which enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress and participate in biological functions such as regulation of growth, defense against pathogens, and pigment synthesis among others (Jiang et al. 2016). In humans, flavonoids have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pharmacological properties such as lowering blood lipid and sugar levels (Karabin et al. 2015). Studies have shown that many Fagaceae species which contain flavonoids have long been used for medicinal purposes. Flavonoids obtained from Quercus infectoria Olivier exhibit good antifungal and antioxidant effects and have a curative effect against cutaneous leishmaniasis (Kheirandish et al. 2016). Quercus brantii L. fruits are also rich in flavonoids which have antibacterial and antioxidant properties (EI et al. 2019). In addition, flavonoids contained in Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd have been shown to reduce blood sugar (Hou et al. 2012). Generally, flavonoids are synthesized from three malonyl-CoA molecules and one p-cou
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