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Additive Manufacturing of Powdery Ni-Based Superalloys Mar-M-247 and CM 247 LC in Hybrid Laser Metal Deposition ANDRE´ SEIDEL, THOMAS FINASKE, ARIANE STRAUBEL, HORST WENDROCK, TIM MAIWALD, MIRKO RIEDE, ELENA LOPEZ, FRANK BRUECKNER, and CHRISTOPH LEYENS The present paper addresses the phenomena of hot cracking of nickel-based superalloys in the perspective of hybrid Laser Metal Deposition (combined application of induction and laser). This includes an extract of relevant theoretical considerations and the deduction of the tailored approach which interlinks material–scientific aspects with state-of-the-art manufacturing engineering. The experimental part reflects the entire process chain covering the manufacturing strategy, important process parameters, the profound analysis of the used materials, the gradual process development, and the corresponding hybrid manufacture of parts. Furthermore, hot isostatic pressing and thermal treatment are addressed as well as tensile testing at elevated temperatures. Further investigations include X-ray CT measurements, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as light optical microscope evaluation. The fundamental results prove the reliable processibility of the high-performance alloys Mar-M-247 and Alloy 247 LC and describe in detail the process inherent microstructure. This includes the grain size and orientation as well as the investigation of size, shape, and distribution of the c¢ precipitates and carbides. Based on these findings, the manufacturing of more complex demonstrator parts with representative dimensions is addressed as well. This includes the selection of a typical application, the transfer of the strategy, as well as the proof of concept. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4777-y  The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2018

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INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION

LASER metal deposition (LMD) is a state-of-the-art additive manufacturing process and regarded as one of the key technologies in the future of production engineering. LMD is classified as a direct energy deposition process in which high-concentrated energy is used to bond the filler material and the substrate material by

ANDRE´ SEIDEL, TIM MAIWALD, and CHRISTOPH LEYENS are with the Fraunhofer-Institute for Material and Beam Technology, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany and also with the Technische Universita¨t Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 7, 01069 Dresden, Germany. Contact e-mail: [email protected] THOMAS FINASKE, MIRKO RIEDE, and ELENA LOPEZ are with the Fraunhofer-Institute for Material and Beam Technology. ARIANE STRAUBEL is with the Technische Universita¨t Dresden. HORST WENDROCK is with the Leibniz-Institut fu¨r Festko¨rperund Werkstoffforschung Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany. FRANK BRUECKNER is with the Fraunhofer-Institute for Material and Beam Technology and also with the Lulea˚ University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea˚, Sweden. Manuscript submitted March 13, 2018.

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