Adipose Cell Precursors: Stem Cells in Medicine, Tissue Engineering, and Reconstructive Surgery
Adipose tissue contains a large portion of stem cells that are primarily derived from the stromal cell fraction or from the dedifferentiation of mature (lipid filled) adipocytes. Stem cells that may give rise to adipocytes are also derived from skeletal m
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Adipose Cell Precursors: Stem Cells in Medicine, Tissue Engineering, and Reconstructive Surgery Michael V. Dodson, Min Du, Sandra G. Velleman, Douglas C. McFarland, Melinda Fernyhough-Culver, Shengjuan Wei, Marcio S. Duarte, Zhihua Jiang, and Gary J. Hausman 2.1
Introduction
The formation of adipocytes begins around midgestation [1, 2]. The peroxisome proliferating antigen receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and the CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are crucial factors controlling adipogenesis [1, 3, 4], and their expression likely induces, or is a M.V. Dodson, Ph.D. (*) Department of Animal Sciences, Muscle Biology Laboratory, Washington State University, 139 Clark Hall, Pullman, WA 99164, USA e-mail: [email protected] M. Du, Ph.D., M.S., B.E. • Z. Jiang, Ph.D. Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, 139 Clark Hall, Pullman, WA 99164, USA e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] S.G. Velleman, Ph.D. Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University/OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, USA e-mail: [email protected] D.C. McFarland, Ph.D. Department of Animal Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA e-mail: [email protected] M. Fernyhough-Culver, Ph.D., DVM Abitec Corporation, Columbus, OH 43215, USA Private Practice, 372 Euclid Ave., Suite #201, Oakland, CA 94610, USA e-mail: [email protected]
marker of, adipogenesis from mesodermal stem cells. These mesodermal stem cells are the same ones that are responsible for forming other stem cell populations, such as for fibroblasts and skeletal muscle cells (Fig. 2.1) [1, 2, 5]. For example, fibroblasts are derived/observed during the entire gestation period but are more likely found after midgestation, coinciding with adipogenesis [1, 6–8]. Fibrogenesis is mainly mediated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway [9, 10], which promotes fibroblast expression via activation of the Smad signaling pathway, specifically phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 S. Wei, Ph.D. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, 139 Clark Hall, Pullman, WA 99164, USA e-mail: [email protected] M.S. Duarte, B.S., M.S. Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, 139 Clark Hall, Pullman, WA 99164, USA e-mail: [email protected] G.J. Hausman, Ph.D. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Services, Richard B. Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, Greece e-mail: [email protected]
M.A. Shiffman et al. (eds.), Stem Cells in Aesthetic Procedures, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-45207-9_2, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
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Stem cells 1
Adipocytes
2
Fibroblasts
3
Muscle cells
Fig. 2.1 Commitment of mesodermal stem cells to form different cell lineages in utero. Adipocytes (1), fibroblasts (2), and myoblasts are all derived from par
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