Advances in Energy Materials

This book presents recent advances in experimental and theoretical research on energy materials, focusing on materials that can potentially be used in the production of solar cells, hydrogen and energy storage devices. It discusses in detail the latest sy

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Shadia Jamil Ikhmayies Editor

Advances in Energy Materials

Advances in Material Research and Technology Series Editor Shadia Jamil Ikhmayies, Physics Department, Isra University, Amman, Jordan

This Series covers the advances and developments in a wide range of materials such as energy materials, optoelectronic materials, minerals, composites, alloys and compounds, polymers, green materials, semiconductors, polymers, glasses, nanomaterials, magnetic materials, superconducting materials, high temperature materials, environmental materials, Piezoelectric Materials, ceramics, and fibers.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16426

Shadia Jamil Ikhmayies Editor

Advances in Energy Materials

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Editor Shadia Jamil Ikhmayies Jabal El-Hussain Amman, Jordan

ISSN 2662-4761 ISSN 2662-477X (electronic) Advances in Material Research and Technology ISBN 978-3-030-50107-5 ISBN 978-3-030-50108-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50108-2 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

Energy materials are those materials that can be used in any technology to produce, enhance, generate, convert, transmit, utilize, or store energy. They include materials used in photovoltaics, fuel cells, batteries, supercapacitors, thermoelectrics, hydrogen technologies, and phase change materials. Energy materials are key roadblocks to improve performance in a number of important energy technologies including energy storage in batteries and supercapacitors, and energy conversion through solar cells, fuel cells, and thermoelectric devices. Since energy is a key issue of the modern society, and the world-wide demand for energy is gro