Advances in genomics of cashew tree: molecular tools and strategies for accelerated breeding
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REVIEW
Advances in genomics of cashew tree: molecular tools and strategies for accelerated breeding Siddanna Savadi 1
&
Bommanahalli M. Muralidhara 1 & Palpandian Preethi 1
Received: 5 March 2020 / Revised: 10 May 2020 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cashew is the second most important edible tree nut crop after almonds. It is cultivated in more than 30 countries due to economic and nutritional importance. The global demand for cashew is increasing rapidly every year. Like in other perennial tree species, genetic improvement of cashew by traditional breeding is slow and unpredictable due to the long juvenile phase, high degree of heterozygosity, lack of juvenile-mature traits correlations and large size of the mature plant. Additionally, most of the yield and agronomic traits are genetically complex which complicate its breeding. Recently, the next-generation sequencing (NGS) and high-throughput genotyping technologies have expedited the pace of development of genomic tools and resources for genomicsorphan crops like cashew. The genomics advancements allow designing novel molecular breeding technologies with the potential for enhancing genetic gains and accelerating crop improvement, which is of utmost importance in the breeding of long juvenile species like cashew. In this review article, we describe the breeding objectives, advances in construction of linkage map, QTL dissection and development of genomic sequence resources in cashew. It is followed by a description of designing different genomics-based tools and strategies for accelerating the cashew breeding to quickly develop superior cultivars. Keywords Cashew . Anacardium . Genomics . Tree . Biotechnology . Nut . TILLING . NGS
Introduction Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a tropical evergreen tree. Currently, cashew is the second most important tree nut crop after almonds in world trade. It is grown over six million hectares in more than 30 countries of the world. Total world cashew nut production is more than 4.9 million tons with Vietnam, Nigeria, India, and Cote d’Ivoire being the major producers (FAOSTAT 2016). Cashew is indigenous to Central and South America, notably north-eastern Brazil, where high genetic diversity exists (Ohler 1967). In the medieval period, the Spanish sailors introduced cashew to Panama
Communicated by S.C. González-Martínez Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-020-01453-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Siddanna Savadi [email protected] 1
ICAR- Directorate of Cashew Research (DCR), Puttur, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka 574202, India
and Central America and in the sixteenth century, the Portuguese colonists introduced cashew to Mozambique and India (De Castro 1994). From India, cashew was spread to the Indian subcontinent and some parts of South Asia (Berry and Sargent 2011). However, it is also speculated that cashew was brought to the Philippi
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